The country is alive for a long time Turgeniv. Ivan Turgenev

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev was born to a noble family on July 28, 1818. The father of the writer, serving with the cavalry guard regiment, and vіv dosit roguish life. Through its bezturbotnіst, і schob polіpshiti financial camp, іn vyaziv themselves for the squad Varvara Petrivna Lutovinova. Vaughn was more than possible, she looked like a nobleman.

childishness

The future writer of the mother of two brothers. Sam wine buv middle, but for the mother becoming the most beloved.

The father died early and the mother took care of the blues. Her character is powerful and despotic. At her childhood, she suffered from the beatings of her witch and moved to live until her uncle, who, after death, deprived her of a decent dowry. Regardless of the foldable character, Varvara Petrivna constantly talked about her children. To give them a harn of light, she moved from the Oryol province to Moscow. She herself took the blues to the mystic, read the creations of the contemporary, and the good vikladachs gave the children light, Yake needed in a new direction.

Creativity of a writer

At the university, the writer studied 15 years of literature, and after moving from Moscow, transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.

Ivan already h junior rock dabble in writing she planned to show her life with literature. The students' fates were related to T. N. Granovsky, who was a famous historian. Having written the first letters, I started in my third year, and after a couple of years I was already friends in the journal "Suchasnik".

In 1938 the rotation of Turgenev move to Nimechchin, devouring the creativity of Roman and Greek philosophers. Itself there I learned from the Russian literary genius N.V. Stankevich, whose creativity made a great splash on Turgenev.

1841 Ivan Sergiyovich turns to the Fatherland. At this hour, the busyness of doing science grew cold, and creativity began to take the whole hour. Two years later, Ivan Sergiyovich wrote to him "Parasha", a positive comment about the yak Belinsky was written in "Vitchiznyanykh Zapiski". From that moment, the mitznah friendship began between Turgenev and Belinsky, as if it were three times a long time.

create

The French Revolution took a strong turn against the writer, changing his light-gazer. Attacks and attacks of people attacked the writer to write dramatic works. Rich hour of Turgenev, far away from the fatherland, ale love to Russia forever lost in the soul of Ivan Sergiyovich that yoga creations.

• Bizhin meadow;
• Noble Nest;
• Fathers and children;
• Mu Mu.

Life Specialist

Life Specialist ryasnіє novels, but officially Turgenev so i don’t have friends.

biography novel from Polina Viardot. Vaughn was a famous partner and retinue of the director of the theater in Paris. After acquaintance with friends Viardo Turgenev For a long time I have been alive in my villa and I have settled there my beloved daughter. Folding stosunki between Ivan and Polina were not known.

Kohannyam of the rest of the days of the writer became actress Maria Savina, yak even brightly played Virochka at the production of "Month in the countryside." But on the side of the actress, there was a wide friendship, but not a little love.

Remain the fates of life

Especially the popularity of Turgenev won the remaining fates of life. Vin used to be a lover like in the fatherland, and in Europe. Gout, which is developing, was respected by the writer regain strength. Rest of the Rocks Vіn Uzimka lives near Paris, and vlіtku at Viardot's maetka near Bougival.

The clerk, having foreseen his death, tried to fight the ailment. But on 22 September 1883, the life of Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev ended. The reason was the evil puff of the ridge. Ignorant of those who died the writer at Bougival, praised yoga at Petersburg on the Volkivsky tsvintary, zgіdno with the rest of the will. At the Panakhida farewell, there were close to four hundred people less than France. Russia also had a ceremony of farewell to Turgenev, as even a lot of people came.

If you need help, I will be glad to help you

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev is a leading Russian writer, poet, translator, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860).

Misto Eagle

Lithography. 1850s

"1818 p. On July 28, at Mondays, son Ivan was born, 12 inches tall, in Orl, at his house, about the 12th anniversary of the wound ”- such a record was made by Varvara Petrivna Turgeneva in her memory book.
Ivan Sergiyovich buv її another son. The first one, Mykola, was born two years earlier, and in 1821 another boy, Sergiy, appeared in the same Turgenev.

Batki
It is important to reveal your own dissimilar people, the father of a future writer.
Mother - Varvara Petrivna, born Lutovinova - a woman of wisdom, sensibility and lightness, she did not shine with beauty. Bula won't be of great stature, fit, with broad guises, zipsovanim with vehemence. And only my eyes were garnied: great, dark and gleaming.
Varvara Petrivna was already thirty years old, if she got to know the young officer Sergiy Mikolayovich Turgenev. Vіn resembling from an old noble family, like a prote, at that hour already zbіdnіv. In the face of colossal wealth, only a small amount was left. Sergiy Mikolayovich buv garny, sharpening, wise. And it’s not surprising that having dealt with Varvara Petrivna’s unresolved defeat, and she made it clear that Sergiy Mikolayovich would marry, then she wouldn’t be.
The young officer did not think twice. Even though the bula was named for six years, the elder for the new and privacity was not considered, the proteges of the greatness of those thousands of krіpaks, as they were won, the decision of Sergiy Mikolayovich was appointed.
On the cob in 1816, a friendship was formed, and the young people settled in Orly.
Varvara Petrivna adored her man, she was afraid. Vaughn gave you full freedom and did not fence anything. Sergiy Mikolayovich is as alive as he wanted, without tying himself with turbots about his family and the state. In 1821, roci vin viyshov at the front and at once from the same time moved to the maєtka of the squad of Spaska-Lutovinovo, for seventy miles from the Orel.

The childhood of the future writer passed at Spassky-Lutovinov near the town of Mtsensk, Oryol province. With this family, the birth mother of Varvara Petrivna, a suvor and a sovereign woman, is tied richly with Turgenev's creativity. In the descriptions of the maєtkah and sadibah, the rice of the yogo native nest is invariably overlooked. Turgenev, having respected himself with a wealth of goiter, the Oryol region, її nature and the Meshkants.

Maetok Turgenevikh Spaska-Lutovinovo rose in a birch forest on a gently sloping hillock. Navkolo spacious double top lord's booth with columns, up to which the round galleries were close, there was a majestic park with linden alleys, orchards and flower gardens.

rocky navchannya
Varvara Petrivna took care of the care of the children at the early age. Poriv turbidity, respect and femininity were replaced by attacks of scorching and dry tyranny. For її mandate children were punished for the smallest faults, if and without any reason. “I don’t know anything about my childishness,” speaking through the rich rock of Turgenev. I was afraid of my mother, like fire. I was punished for all sorts of rubbish - in a word, they drilled me, like a recruit.
There was a library at Turgenev's house. The great wardrobes kept the works of ancient writers and poets, the works of French encyclopedists: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesque, novels by W. Scott, de Stael, Chateaubriand; create Russian writers: Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Karamzin, Dmitriev, Zhukovsky, as well as books on history, natural science, botany. The library has become the most favorite place for Turgenev at the booth, spending many days for hours. The lad’s mother encouraged the lad with a non-abyak worldly interest in literature, as she read richly and knew French literature and Russian poetry from the beginning of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century.
On the cob of 1827, Turgenev's family moved to Moscow: it was an hour to prepare children before they entered the initial mortgages. Mikoli and Ivan's hand was placed at the private boarding house of Winterkeller, and then at the Krause boarding house, named after the Lazarevsky Institute of Similar Languages. Here the brothers did not last long - less than a few months.
Farther away, illumination was entrusted to home teachers. Behind them, the stench played Russian literature, history, geography, mathematics, foreign language - German, French, English, - painting. Russian history was sung by I. P. Klyushnikov, and Russian language DM D. N. Dubensky, contributor to the “Words about the departure of Igor”.

University rock. 1833-1837.
Turgenev, who was five and fifteen years old, who vin, successfully sang his entry to sleep, becoming a student of verbal education at Moscow University.
Moscow University at that time was the main center of the advanced Russian thought. Among young people, who came to the university like the 1820s and on the cob of the 1830s, the memory of the Decembrists was sacredly preserved, as they stood against the autocracy in their hands. The students respectfully followed the podia that they had experienced in Russia and Europe. Turgenev said in the past that the circles in the new began to take shape "more freely, little republican change."
Zvichayno, tsіlіsnogo і sіlіdny svіtoglyad Turgenev іn thе rock іѕ nοt yet virobіv. Youmu has passed sixteen years. Tse buv period of growth, period of poshukіv and sumnіvіv.
At the Moscow University of Turgenev, only one river passed. After that, his elder brother Mikola, having joined the Guards Artillery, quartered in St. Petersburg, having said that the brothers did not separate, to that influx of 1834 Turgenev filed a letter about transferring to the Philosophical Faculty of St. Petersburg University.
The family of Turgeniev did not come to power near the capital, as Sergiy Mikolayovich died uncontrollably. The death of the old man deeply impressed Turgenev and urged him to seriously think about life and death, about the place of man in eternal Russian nature. The thoughts and experiences of the young man knew their vibes from the low lyrical verses, the social and dramatic poem "Stino" (1834). The first literary achievements of Turgenev were created under the strongest influx of romanticism, which was similar in literature, and ahead of Byron's poetry. The hero of Turgenev is a sticky, addictive, spovneniy zahopleniy pragnets man, who wants to be reconciled with the world of evil, and you can know that your strength is too strong and that you are tragically guilty. Later, Turgenev was even skeptical about what he was saying, calling him “a stupid creation, in which, with a child, the slavish inheritance of Byron’s Manfred was expressed.”
However, it is impossible not to notice that in the poem "Stino" they knew their own reflection of the young poet's thoughts about the sensation of life and about being recognized in a new person, that food, like they were chanting a lot of great poets of that hour: Goethe, Schiller, Byron.
After the Moscow University, the Moscow University was given to Turgenev as a headless. Here everything was in a different way: there was no such atmosphere of friendship and comradeship, until such a wine sounded, there was no exercise of living splintering, that super little one, few who sang with the nourishment of a supple life. That warehouse of students is smaller. Among them there were a lot of young people from aristocratic families, who had little respect for science.
The conference at the St. Petersburg University was carried out with a wide program. But the students did not take away serious knowledge. There were no Tsіkavih vikladachis. Closer to others, Professor of Russian Literature Petro Oleksandrovich Pletnov appeared to Turgenev.
During the period of study at the university, Turgenev showed a deep interest in music and theater. Vіn often buvav at concerts, in the opera and drama theaters.
After graduating from the university, Turgeniev continued his education and in early 1838 went to Berlin.

Heading for the cordon. 1838-1940.
After St. Petersburg, Berlin gave Turgenev a place of manner and a trifle boring. “What will you punish me to say about the city,” writing wine, “they get up about the last year of the morning, talk about the other and kick the trigger early to sleep, about the city, about the tenth year of the evening, one melancholy and navantazheny with beer of the watchman blok empty streets ...”
Ale, in the university classrooms of the University of Berlin, it was always richly crowded. It was not only students who took part in the lectures, but also listeners - officers, officials, who tried to reach science.
Already the first busyness at the University of Berlin showed Turgenev clearings in yoga education. Later, he wrote: “I took up philosophy, ancient language, history, and I especially studied Hegel ..., and at home of confusion, I crammed Latin Greek grammar, as if I knew badly. I am not among the largest candidates.
Turgenev diligently embraced the wisdom of German philosophy, and at the right time he saw theaters and concerts. Music and theater have become an essential need for him. Hearing the operas of Mozart and Gluck, Beethoven's symphonies, marveling at the dramas of Shakespeare and Schiller.
Living behind the cordon, Turgenev did not stop thinking about his fatherland, about his people, about today and tomorrow.
Even then, in 1840, Turgeniev saw great recognition of his people, and his strength was that stamina.
Nareshti hearing the course of lectures at the University of Berlin ended, and in the early 1841 year Turgenev turned to Russia and became the most serious rank to prepare himself for scientific activity. Vіn mriyav become a professor of philosophy.

Return to Russia. Service.
The inundation with philosophical sciences is one of the characteristic figures of the great rush in Russia in the 1830s and the beginning of the 1840s. The leading people of that hour tried to help explain abstract philosophical categories navkolishniy svit and protirichcha rosіyskoї ї dіysnostі, know vіdpovіdі praised їkh vicious nutrition of the present.
Turgenev's prote plans changed. Vіn rozcharuvavsya in іdealіstіchnіy philosophії i zadіv nadіy її її vіrіshitі nіdіnіa, scho praised yogi. So far, Turgenev is a fan of Visnovka, that science is not just a call.
On the cob 1842, Ivan Sergiyovich filed a letter to the minister of internal affairs about zarahuvannya yogo for service and, without a hitch, the official accepted a special hand in the office under the leadership of V. I. Dahl, a prominent writer and ethnographer. However, Turgenev did not serve for a long time and in early 1845 he retired.
Perebuvannya on sovereign service gave him the opportunity to pick up the great life material, to tie us before the tragic camp of the villagers and from the ruinous power of powerful law, shards in the office, de serving the Turgenev, often looked at the warning about the early kripakiv, about the evil officials. For the whole hour, Turgenev was vibrating with a sharply negative attitude towards bureaucratic orders, which pander at the state institutions, to the callousness of the egoism of St. Petersburg officials. In the midst of life in Petersburg, Turgenev was attacked with anger.

Creativity I. S. Turgenev.
First Creation I. Z. Turgenev was inspired by the dramatic poem “Stino” (1834), which he wrote in iambic pentameter as a student, and in 1836 he showed his fate to his university student P. A. Pletnov.
The first publication in the press was a small review of the book by A. N. Muravyov “Move the Russian Holy Misters” (1836). Through rich fates of Turgenev, he explained the appearance of his first creative work in this way: “Seventeen fates have just passed me, I was a student at St. Petersburg University; my relatives, calling for the safety of my future career, recommended me to Serbinovich, the same writer of the “Journal of the Ministry of Education”. Serbіnovich, like I've only once tried, maybe, try my vibes, handing me ... Muravyov's book in order for me to pick it up; I wrote it from the її drive - and now, a little more than forty years later, I recognize that it was "stamped" that "should" be embossed.
The first yoga was poetic. Starting from the beginning of the 1830s, verses began to appear in the journals "Suchasnik" and "Vitchiznyani Zapiski". You can clearly see the motifs of a panivnogo and romantic in a direct way, like the poetry of Zhukovsky, Kozlov, Benediktov. Greater vіrshiv - tse elegichnі think about kohannya, about aimlessly lived youth. The stench, as a rule, was permeated with motifs of confusion, confusion, tightness. Turgenev himself in the past was more skeptical about his verses and singing, written at the right time, and without including them before the collection of works. “I feel positive, little physical antipathy to my verses ... - having written in 1874, - I would give dearly, so that they would not dream in the world.”
Turgenev is unfair, the floorings are sharply aware of their poetic tales. Among them, one can know a few talented verses, many of whom took away the high rating of readers and critics: "Balad", "I'm alone again, alone ...", "Spring evening", "Misty early, gray early ..." and others. Acts of them later were put on music that became the most popular romances.
The beginning of his literary activity Turgenev vvazhav 1843 rіk, if the press showed up with the poem "Parsha", which showed the number of low works, consecrated to the rose of the romantic hero. "Parasha" sounded like a sympathetic voice of Belinsky, which chimed in the young author's "incredible poetic talent", "I will be vigilant, deeply thoughtful", "Sin of our hour, what to wear at the breasts of your moustache that nourishment of yoga."
First prose tvir I. Z. Turgenev - drawing "Chorus and Kalinich" (1847), publications in the journal "Suchasnik" and a kind of a whole series of works under the title "Notes of a Thought" (1847-1852). "Notes of the Mislivtsya" were created by Turgenev between the forties and the beginning of the fiftieth years and appeared at the press looking at the same evidence and drawings. In 1852, the stinks were combined by a writer with a book, which became a great success in the Russian modern and literary life. Behind the words of M. Ye. Saltikov-Shchedrin, “Notes of a Mislivtsya” “have begun a whole literature that the people can consume with their object.”
"Notes of the Mind"- This is a book about people's life in the era of panuvannya krіpatstva. How alive stand on the sides of the “Notes of Thought” image of the villagers, who are awakened by a hospitable practical mind, a profound mind of life, a hard look at the current world, building awareness and mind is beautiful, looking at someone else’s grief that suffering. Such a people in Russian literature before Turgenev was not depicted by anyone. And it’s not vipadkovo, having read the first drawing from “Notes of the Thought - “Chorus and Kalinich”, “Belinsky having respected that Turgenev “has come to the people from that side, from which he has not gone to any other”.
Most of Turgenev’s “Notes of a Thought” he wrote in France.

Create I. S. Turgeneva
Rozpovidі: collection of evidence "Notes of a Mislivtsya" (1847-1852), "Mumu" (1852), "Opovidannya ottsya Oleksiy" (1877) and in;
Posted:"Asya" (1858), "First Kokhannya" (1860), "Spring Water" (1872) and in;
Romani: Rudin (1856), Noble nest (1859), Forward (1860), Fathers and children (1862), Dim (1867), Novina (1877);
Please:"Snіdanok u vatazhka" (1846), "De thin, there i torn" (1847), "Bachelor" (1849), "Provincial" (1850), "Moon near the village" (1854) and іn;
Poetry: dramatic poem "Stino" (1834), verse (1834-1849), poem "Parash" (1843) and other, literary and philosophical "Virshi in prose" (1882);
Shift Byron D., Goethe I., Witman W., Flaubert G.
And also criticism, journalism, memoirs and listings.

Kokhannya through all life
With the famous French couple Polina Viardo Turgenev, who got to know each other in 1843, in St. Petersburg, where she came on tour. The couple performed richly and successfully, Turgenev, having heard the mustaches and її speeches, having spoken about her, everywhere її magnifying, and quickly resurrecting in the face of the natovpu її nezlіchennyh shanuvalnikіv. These stosunki developed and in no time reached their apogee. Summer 1848 to the fate (like in the front, like in the step) in the provinces near Courtavenel, near Polina's mother.
Before Pauline, Viardot was deprived of love and happiness and Turgenev’s torment until one day: Viardot was friendly, she didn’t get separated from a person, and Turgenev didn’t drive her away. Vіn feeling yourself on a leash. ale break the thread qiu without using force. For more than thirty years, the writer, in fact, pretended to be a member of this Viardot. A man, a man, judging by the mustache, angelic patience, Louis Viardot, he survived the whole three months.

Magazine "Suchasnik"
Belinsky and yoga of one mind have long dreamed of mothers of their own organ. This dream was only created in 1846, when Nekrasov and Panaev were given the opportunity to rent the magazine “Suchasnik”, the foundations of A. S. Pushkin and after his death P. A. Pletnyov. Turgenev taking the most middle-of-nothing fate from the organization of the new magazine. Behind the words of P. V. Annenkov, Turgenev was “the soul of the whole plan, the organizer of yoga ... Nekrasov was happy with her every day; magazine reminiscent of yoga exercises.
At the beginning of 1847, the first issue of the updated "Suchasnik" sounded the light. Turgeniev, having published a lot of works: a cycle of verses, a review of the tragedy by N. V. Kukolnik “Lieutenant General Patkul ...”, “Suchasni Notes” (together with Nekrasov). Ale with the right color of the first book of the magazine, having become the drawing “Khor and Kalinich”, which opened a whole cycle of works under the solemn title “Notes of a Thought”.

Vision at Zahodi
Beginning in the 60s, the names of Turgenev became widely known in the lands. With a wealth of Western European writers of Turgenev, they supported these friendly stosunki. I am well acquainted with P. Merimet, J. Sand, G. Flaubert, E. Zola, A. Daudet, Guy de Maupassant, having close knowledge of rich children of English and German culture. All the stinks respected Turgenev as a prominent realist artist and highly valued his work, and they began to work in a new one. Turning back to Turgenev, J. Sand said: “Teacher! - We can go through your school!
May all the life of Turgenev provіv near Europe, less often than not, living near Russia. Vіn buv commemorative figure at the literary life Sunset. Closely collaborating with rich French writers, and 1878 p. to win a head (at once from Victor Hugo) at the International Literary Congress near Paris. Nevipadkovo itself from Turgenev began the all-world recognition of Russian literature.
Nibіlshuyu deserving Turgeneus Bulo Te, Shah Vіn becoming active promoter Rosіyskoi L_Teaturi Ta Bulchiyi on Zakhodі: Skolding Oblastov Rosіyskiy's written companion by Fourth Tu Nіmezka Mova, Rugovava Rosіyskiy Kivіv, SPIAKOVYY SPRAVIVA Vidnanya Visnia Western Europe, knowing the Western European public with the works of Russian composers and artists About the whole of his work, Turgenev said not without pride: “I respect the great happiness of my life, that I have brought my fatherland close to the European public.”

Call from Russia
Mayzhe a curtain on the curtain of Turgenev's arrival to Russia. Kozhen yogo arrival becoming a whole under. The scribe usyudi buv bazhany guest. Yogo was asked to speak at various literary and auspicious evenings, at friendly sports.
At once about those Ivan Sergiyovich, the rest of his life took the “pansky” names of the native Russian nobleman. The old-timer himself saw his trip to the bagmen of the European resorts, despite the helplessness of the volodine with foreign language. At the best sides of yoga prose richly in the silence of the garden, I will succumb to the landlord of Russia. It is unlikely that any of the writers - contemporary Turgenev is so pure and correct to the Russian language, building, as if showing guilt himself, "to create a diva in smart hands." Turgenev often wrote his novels "on the topic of the day."
Resurrection of Turgenev having visited the fatherland at the grassroots of 1881. To friends of the wines, repeatedly “having their courage turn to Russia and settle there.” Prote tsia dream not zdіysnilas. On the cob of 1882, Turgenev was seriously ill, and the move could no longer be moved. And all my thoughts were in the Fatherland, near Russia. Thinking about her guilt, addicted to a serious illness, about її future, about the glory of Russian literature.
Not long before the death of the wines, having hung out the blessing of being buried at Petersburg, on the Volkovy Tsvintary, in order from the Belinsky.
The remaining will of the writer bula vikonan

"Virshi in prose".
"Virshi in prose" is rightly considered the final chord of the literary activity of the writer. The stinks knew their inspiration for all those motives and motives for their creativity, so I would re-translate the Turgenevs' fates. He himself vvazhav "Virshі u prozі" less than sketches of his future creations.
Turgenev named his lyrical miniatures “Selenia” (“Starche”), and the editor of “Visnik Evropi” Stasyulevich replaced it with another, which was forgotten forever, - “Virshi in prose”. In the sheets of Turgenev, he sometimes called them "Zigzags", thereby reinforcing the contrast of themes and motives, imagining that intonation, inconsistency with the genre. The clerk was afraid that "the river of the hour at its own flow" "take away these light sheets." Ale, "Virshi u Prose" hit the most favorable reception and for ever reached the golden fund of our literature. It is not for nothing that P. V. Annenkov called them “fabric from the sun, oars and diamonds, women’s tears and the gentry of a person’s thoughts”, having hung out the heady thought of the reading public.
“Virshі u prozі” is a marvelous fusion of poetry and prosi into a single unity, which allows you to place “the whole world” in the grain of small thoughts, called by the author “remaining zіtkhannyami ... of the old”. Ale "zіtkhannya" qі reported to the Donin the inexhaustibility of the life energy of the writer.

Monuments I. S. Turgenev

aliases: ..... in; -e-; I.S.T.; I.T.; L.; Nedobobov, Yeremia; T.; T ...; T. L.; T……in; ***

Russian writer-realist, poet, publicist, playwright, translator, one of the classics of Russian literature

Ivan Turgenev

short biography

An eminent Russian writer, a classic of world literature, sings, publicist, memoirist, critic, playwright, translator, corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences - was born on the 9th leaf fall (28 zhovtnya per st. st.) 1818 p. near the town of Orel. Yogo father Sergiy Mikolayovich was a senior officer, mother Varvara Petrivna - a representative of a possible noble family. At the same time, near the village of Spaska-Lutovinovo, the children of Ivan Turgenev passed by.

There, he was taken away from the cob light, and, after she was continued with a proper rank, in 1827, Turgenev’s family bought houses in Moscow and moved there. Then the fathers swayed across the cordon, and Ivan stumbled back to the boarding house of Weidenhammer, later Krause. In 1833 p. Junior Turgenev became a student of the Moscow State University, Faculty of Languages. After joining the elder brother in the Guards Artillery of Turgenev, they transfer to St. Petersburg, and to the Moscow University, and then Ivan is transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy, having completed yoga in 1837.

Until this period of his biography, a debut in the literary field is due. In 1834, a copy of lyrical verses and a dramatic poem "Stino" were written as tests of the pen. P.A. Pletnov, Professor of Literature and Yoga Vikladach, commemorating a couple of impeccable talent. Until 1837, the number of small verses written by Turgeniev was close to a hundred. At 1838 p. in the journal "Suchasnik", edited after the death of Pushkin by P. A. Pletnov, were published Turgenev's verses "Vechir" and "Until Venus of Medicine".

To become more illuminated by the people, the future writer of the spring 1838. having gone to Nimechchini, to Berlin, seeing university lectures on Greek and Roman literature. Shortly turning to Russia in 1839, vin in 1840. anew flooding її, living near Nіmechchinі, Austria, Іtalії. At his mother Turgenev, he turned around in 1841, and the advancing fate turned away from the passage to Moscow University, so that he was allowed to lay down his breath on the steps of the master of philosophy.

In 1843 p. Turgenev became an official at the ministerial office, that yogo ambitious poriv quickly cooled down, the interest before the service was quickly spent. Published in the same 1843 poem "Parash" and praised by V. Belinsky led Turgenev to the decision to dedicate all the powers of literature. This river became famous for Turgenev's biography and acquaintance with Polina Viardot, a prominent French couple who came to St. Petersburg on tour. Having spent some time at the opera house, the writer of the performances on the 1st of the fall of 1843, however, did not give special respect to the still little known writer. After the end of the tour of the Turgenevs, not respecting the unpraised mother, having gone at once with Viardot's friends to Paris, as if stretching out for many years accompanying them on foreign tours.

At 1846 p. Ivan Sergiyovich takes an active part in the updated magazine "Suchasnik", Nekrasov becomes his best friend. Stretch 1850-1852 rr. Russia and abroad alternately become the place of residence of Turgenev. Publications 1852 p. a cycle of small confessions, called “Notes of a Thought”, written in the head rank, in Nіmechchi and having made Turgenev known to the whole world as a writer; moreover, the book is richly mixed in with a further development of national literature. At the next ten years, it will be necessary to create, the most important for the creative artist is Turgenev's dobka: "Rudin", "Noble Nest", "Forward", "Fathers and Children". Until what period is it necessary to open up from “Suchasnik” and Nekrasov through Dobrolyubov’s article “When will a good day come?” with unacceptable criticism of Turgenev and his novel "Forward". Delivering an ultimatum to Nekrasov as if he was a seer, Turgenev appeared in such a way that he had failed.

On the cob of the 60s. Turgenev moved to live to Baden-Baden and became an active participant in Western European cultural life. Vіn corresponded abo podtremuє stosunki z bagatma celebrities, for example C. Dіkkenson, Thackerey, T. Gauthier, Anatole France, Maupassant, George Sand, Victor Hugo, pretend to be a propagandist of Russian literature behind the cordon. From the other side, zavdyaks to you, well, zahіdnі authors become closer to yogo spіvvіtchiznikіv, scho to read. In 1874 p. (before this hour Turgenev moved to Paris) together from Zola, Daudet, Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt organize "bachelor's parties", which became famous, in the capital's restaurants. For the current period, Ivan Sergiyovich reinvents himself as the most homely, most popular and most popular Russian writer on the European continent. The International Literary Congress, which was held in Paris in 1878, was appointed vice-president, since 1877. Turgenev is honored by the doctor of Oxford University.

Living beyond the borders of Russia did not mean that Turgenev was living in the face of such problems. Writings in 1867. the novel "Dym" vyklikav majestic resonance in the fatherland, the novel, having recognized the bitter criticism of the parties, yak occupied protracted positions. In 1877 p. wiyshov the biggest novel for obsyago - "News", a kind of pіdzumuvav pisannytski razdumi 70 RR. n.

In 1882, on the verge of an illness, which became fatal for Turgenev, manifesting itself in the first place. If physical suffering weakened, Turgeniev continued to write; Literally a few months before his death, the first part of yoga “Virsh u prose” was seen. Myxosarcoma took away the life of the great writer on the 3rd of spring (22 sickles per old style), 1883. Closely victorious, he died not far from Paris in the town of Bougival Turgenev and transported his body to St. Petersburg, on the Volkovo cemetery. In the rest of the way, the classics spent a lot of time on his talent.

Biography from Wikipedia

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev(9 leaf fall 1818, Eagle, Russian empire- Spring 3, 1883, Bougival, France) - Russian realist writer, singer, publicist, playwright, translator. One of the classics of Russian literature, which made the most significant contribution to the development of the other half of the 19th century. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature (1860), honorary doctor of Oxford University (1879), honorary member of Moscow University (1880).

The artistic system created by him injected the poetics of both the Russian and Western European novels of the other half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first in the Russian literature to develop the peculiarity of the “new people” - the sixties man, his moral character and psychological peculiarities, and the term “nihilist” became widely recognized in Russian literature. Buv propagandist of Russian literature and dramaturgy in the Ukraine.

Vyvchennya tvorіv I. Z. Turgenev about obov'yazkovy part of the main education school programs in Russia. Biggest create at home- a cycle of apology "Notes of a Thought", apology of "Mumu", story "Asya", novels "Noble Nest", "Fathers and Children".

Pohodzhennya and early rock

The family of Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev resembled the ancient family of the Tula nobles Turgenev. At the memorial book, the mother of the future writer wrote: “ 1818 on the 28th of July, at Mondays, son Ivan was born, at the age of 12 versts, in Orly, at his booth, about the 12th anniversary of the wound. Baptized on the 4th of the leaf fall, Feodor Semenovich Uvarov from his sister Fedosya Mikolayevna Teplovoy».

Batko Ivan Sergiy Mikolayovich Turgenev (1793-1834) serving at that hour with the cavalry guard regiment. The unturbulent way of life of the red-haired cavalry guard, having confused his finances, and in order to correct his camp of wines, he became friends in 1816 with the rozirahunka with the wife of Varvara Petrivna Lutovinova (1787-1850). 1821 year in the rank of Colonel of the Cuirassier Regiment, Father Viyshov at the post office. Ivan was another son of this family. The mother of the future writer Varvara Petrivna looked like a wealthy noble homeland. We are not happy with Sergієm Mikolayovich. In 1830, the father's father went away from the family and died in 1834, leaving three blues - Mikoli, Ivan, and Sergius, who died early from epilepsy. Mother was a domineering and despotic woman. Vaughn herself lost her father early, suffered from the bitterness of her mother’s birth (like an onuk depicted in the image of the old woman in the picture “Death”), and from a violent, fickle vіtchim, which was often beaten. Through constant beatings and humiliation, she later moved to her uncle, after the death of whom she became the mistress of the miraculous mother and 5000 souls.

Varvara Petrivna was a difficult woman. Krіposnitskie zvichki got used to nіy z erudition and illuminance, turbot about waving children out vanished from simeynym despotism. Succumbing to maternal beatings and Ivan, not respecting those who were respected by the beloved son. The lad's letters were taught by French and German tutors, who often changed. At this Varvara Petrivna's, everyone spoke among themselves, including French, to wind prayers into the booth, they acted French. Vaughn's price went up a lot and she became a well-lit woman, she read a lot, but also an important French one. Ale and dear mova, that literature was not a stranger: she herself was small, beautiful figurative Russian mova, and Sergiy Mikolayovich looked after the children, for the hour of the father’s stink, the stench wrote to the Russian leaves. Sim'ya Turgenevikh pidtrimuval vyazka z V. A. Zhukovsky and M. M. Zagoskin. Varvara Petrivna followed the novelties of literature, was well known about the work of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu.

Love to Russian literature to young Turgenev, having also pinned one of the krіpakіv valets (who later became the prototype of Punin in his opiónnі “Punin and Baburin”). Until nine years, Ivan Turgenev is alive at the spaska-Lutovinovo 10 km from the Mtsensk Oryol province. In 1822, the family of Turgenievs rose dearer to Europe, at the hour of which Ivan, who had not died a little, did not perish at Bern, zirvatsya from the railing of the ditch with the bears (Berengraben); yogo vryatuvav dad, angry by the leg. In 1827, the Turgenevs, in order to give their children enlightenment, settled in Moscow, having bought a house on Samotek. I started the future writer on the cob at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, then - at the boarding house of the director of the Lazarevsky Institute I. F. Krause.

Ovіta. The cob of literary activity

In 1833, the 15th anniversary of Turgenev joined the Faculty of Literature of Moscow University. At the same hour, A.I. started here. Herzen and V. G. Belinsky. Through the river, after that, as the elder brother of Ivan, having joined the guards artillery, I moved to St. Petersburg, de Ivan Turgenev, to the St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Philosophy. In the university of yoga, T. N. Granovsky, the future famous scholar-historian of the Western school, became a friend.

Ivan Turgenev in his youth. Malyunok K. A. Gorbunova, 1838

Little Turgenev wanted to become a poet. In 1834 roci, being a third-year student, wrote in iambic pentameter a dramatic poem to Steno. The young author showed and tried his pen to his vikladach, professor of Russian literature P. A. Pletnov. Under the hour of one of Pletnyov's lectures, to finish summing up what I mean, without revealing the authorship, but when I do, I also know that the author "should be." These words spurred the young poet to write low verses, two of these Pletnyovs in 1838 overruled the magazine "Suchasnik", the editor of which wine was written. The stench was published under the signature "…..in". The debut verses were "Vechir" and "Before the Venus of Medicine".

The first publication of Turgenev appeared in 1836 - in the "Journal of the Ministry of National Education" and published a report review "On the Road to the Saints" by A. N. Muravyov. Until 1837, he had already written about a hundred small verses and sang a sprat (the Tale of the Old, Calm on the Sea, Phantasmagoria in month night", "Dream").

After graduation from the university. Behind the cordon

In 1836 Turgenev graduated from the university with the degree of a student. Mryuchi about the scientific activity, the offensive fate of the vitriam, the graduation day, that otrimav the candidate's feet. In 1838 he moved to Nimechchin, settled in Berlin and seriously took up education. At the University of Berlin he gave lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature, and at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin languages. The knowledge of ancient languages ​​allowed him to freely read the classics of antiquity. On the eve of the hour of learning, he talked with the Russian writer and thinker M. V. Stankevich, who vplinuv on the new one. Turgenev, in view of the lectures of the Hegelians, became engrossed in German idealism and his speeches about the development of light, about the “absolute spirit” and about the high calling of the philosopher and the poet. The whole way of Western European life was taken up, having struck Turgenev more strongly. A young student teaches vysnovka, who only has acquired the main cobs of the deep human culture, can lead Russia into trouble, into a kind of zanurena. At tsomu sensi vіn becoming vpevnenym "zahіdnik".

In the 1830s-1850s, a wide range of literary acquaintances of the writer was formed. As early as 1837, the fate of the soon-to-be zustrichi z A. Z. Pushkin was born. Also, Turgenev got to know V. A. Zhukovsky, A. V. Nikitenko, A. V. Koltsov, and three times later - M. Yu. With Lermontov, Turgenev had less than a sprig of sours, which brought them to a close acquaintance, but Lermontov's creativity sang a sing-song infusion to her. Vin tried to master the rhythm and stanza, style and syntactical features of Lermontov's poetry. Thus, the verse "The Old Helper" (1841) is close in form to Lermontov's "Zapovit"; And yet the most remarkable connection from Lermontov's work is in the verse "Spovid" (1845), the victorious pathos of which brings it closer to Lermontov's verse "Duma".

At the grass of 1839, the old house near the Spassky hills, and Turgenev turned to the fatherland, and yet, in 1840, I resurfaced for the cordon, seeing Nimechchina, Italy and Austria. Under the enemy in the wake of the maiden near Frankfurt-on-Main, Turgenev wrote the story “Spring Drive” in the past. In 1841 Ivan turned to Lutovinovoe.

Virshy Turgenev in a prominent place in a prominent magazine, 1843 No. 9

On the cob of 1842, I filed a letter to the Moscow University for admission to the degree of Master of Philosophy, but at that time there was no full-time professor of philosophy at the university, and I was killed. Having not been in power in Moscow, Turgenev arbitrarily took a degree in Greek and Latin philology at the St. Petersburg University, having written a dissertation for the Faculty of Literature. Ale, until this hour, sipping to the scientific activity, having cooled down, more and more began to get literary creativity. Having been promoted to the defense of the dissertation, he served until 1844 with the rank of secretary at the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In 1843 Turgenev wrote the poem "Parash" to him. Not spodіvayuchis on a positive opinion, Vіn all the same vіdnіs vіdnіs vіdnіs vіdnіs vіdnіs VG Belіnskiy. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, two months later he published his opinion in the Vitchiznyany notes. At this hour, acquaintance began, as if far away, it outgrew friendship with the mitzna; Turgenev was baptized by the son of Belinsky, Volodymyr. The poem was written on the spring of 1843 with a book under the initials “T. L." (Turgenev-Lutovinov). In the 1840s, the Crimea of ​​Pletnyov and Belinsky, Turgenev, studied with A. A. Fet.

At the fall of the leaves in 1843, Turgenev created the verse “At the Road (Foggy Wound)”, put in various fates on the music of the dekilkom by composers, including A.F. Gedike and G.L. Catuar. The largest version of the prote romance version, which was published back to back with the signature "Music of Abaza"; affiliation її U. U. Abaza, Ege. A. Abaza chi Yu. F. Abaza has not been inserted residually. After the publication of the virsh, it was like a fermentation of Turgenev's love to Pauline Viardot, for which the whole time was spent.

In 1844, the poem “Pop” was written, as the writer himself, characterizing it as fun, was relieved of some “deep and significant ideas”. The proteoma turned a huge interest with its anti-clerical directness. Poema bula was thrashed by Russian censorship, the protesters were all over the cordon.

In 1846, the rozі vyyshli povistі "Breter" and "Three portraits". In "Breter", which has become another story of Turgenev, the writer tried to show the fight between Lermontov's infusion and the practice of discrediting the genocide. The plot for the third story, "Three Portraits", was gleaned from the family chronicle of the Lutovinovs.

Rosequit creativity

In 1847, Ivan Turgenev, taking a part in the reworked Sovremennik, became close to N. A. Nekrasov and P. V. Annenkov. The journal published the first feuilleton "Suchasni notes", began publishing the first distribution of "Notes of the Thought". In the first issue of "Suchasnik" there was a description of "Khor i Kalinich", which revealed the inconspicuous appearance of the famous book. The subtitle “From notes of a thought” was added by the editor I. I. Panaev, to turn the respect of readers. The success of the roses appeared majestic, and it led Turgenev to the idea of ​​writing a number of others of their own. Behind the words of Turgenev, "Notes of Mislivtsya" were vikonannyam Yogo Anіbalovoy oath to fight to the end against the enemy, which he hates for children. "The enemy of this mav is a singing image, wearing the name of the name: the enemy of this buv is a kripatstvo." For the creation of his own name, Turgenev vyshiv poїhati from Russia. “I don’t have a moment,” Turgenev wrote, “I’ll go wild with one look, get out of order with him, which I hate. It was necessary for me to see my enemy in order for me to give a stronger attack on the new one.

In 1847 Turgenev and Belinsky went abroad and in 1848 he lived near Paris, becoming a symbol of revolutionary approaches. Being an eyewitness of the driving in of the handguards, the faceless attacks, everyday life and the fall of the barricades of the lute French revolution, I’m sorry for good for a long time before the revolution.

Dramaturgy

The end of the 1840s - the beginning of the 1850s became the hour of the most intensive activity of Turgenev in the drama school and the hour of reflection on the nourishment of history and theory. In 1848, he wrote such letters as “De thin, there it is torn” and “Nahlibnik”, in 1849 - “Snіdanok u vatazhka” and “Bachelor”, in 1850 - “Moon near the village”, in 1851 - "Provincial". Of these, "Nahlibnik", "Bachelor", "Provincial" and "Month in the countryside" were not successful enough for miraculous productions on the stage. Especially for you, the dear success of “The Bachelor”, which, having become rich, is what makes A.Ye. Martinova, who saved u chotirioh yogo p'esakh. Take a look at the Russian theater and the head of the dramaturgy Turgenev formulated in 1846. Vіn vvazhav, that the crisis of the theatrical repertoire, which was in danger at that hour, could be done by the susils of writers, who were familiar with Gogol's dramaturgy. Before the successors of Gogol-playwright Turgenev, he saved himself.

For the development of literary techniques in dramaturgy, the writer also worked on translations of Byron and Shakespeare. Have you tried copying Shakespeare's playwrights? In 1847, he wrote to the rock: “The tone of Shakespeare is heavy dramatic writers, the stench can’t be spogadiv; over something richly and unfortunately read and lived a little.

1850s

The spalling of the “Notes of the Mind”, caricature by L. M. Vaksel. 1852. A letter to the Mislivsky suit, with kaidans on his feet. Musin-Pushkin points to the prison, at the new manuscript he selected Turgenev's towel. Behind Turgenev is a bag with manuscripts. At the left lower kutka - a gut, which is squeezed in the paws of a nightingale

In 1850, the rotation of Turgenev turned to Russia, prote z matir'yu, yak died in the same rotation, and did not succumb. Together with brother Mikolay, he divided the great camp of his mother, and, to the best of his ability, tried to ease the hardships of the villagers, who got away from you.

In the years 1850-1852 he was alive now in Russia, now beyond the cordon, staring at N.V. Gogol. After the death of Gogol, Turgenev wrote an obituary, which Petersburg censors did not miss. The reason for this dissatisfaction was those that, like the head of the St. Petersburg censorship committee M. N. Musin-Pushkin dangling, "about such a writer maliciously scoffed at the flooring." Todi Ivan Sergiyovich nadislav the article to Moscow, V.P. Vlada made a rebellion in the text, and the author was placed in jail, de vin passed the month. On May 18, Turgenev was hung up to his native village, and the troubles of Count A. K. Tolstoy were no more than a hitch, after two years the writer again took away the right to live in the capitals.

I have a thought that the right reason was sent not an obituary to Gogol, but an overworld radicalism looking at Turgenev, which, having appeared in sympathies before Belinsky, suspected frequent trips across the cordon, sympathetic rozpovidah about krіpak-Gervátsen. Until then, it is necessary to protect V. P. Botkin Turgenev's advance in sheet 10 birch, sob vіn buv amulets on their sheets, relying on third-party transmissions for the sake of being obsolete (appointments Turgenev's sheet is completely nevidomy, but yogo vitrimka - for a copy to avenge a sharp comment about M. N. Musine-Pushkin). The mournful tone of the stati about Gogol has no more recapped the cup of gendarmerie's patience, having become a ringing drive for punishment, the sense of some kind of fainting power in advance. Turgenev was afraid that he would be arrested and forced to become at the forefront of the appearance of the first appearance of the “Notes of Myslivtsya”, but they were not afraid of it - at the time of 1852, the book passed censorship and was published by the world.

Prote censor V. V. Lvіv, who missed the “Notes of a Mislivets” before another, but for the special orders of Mikoli I, orders from service for the relief of pensions (“The Newest Forgiveness” was on December 6, 1853). Russian censorship also placed a fence on the re-viewing of the Notes of Myslivtsya, explaining that the Turgenev, from one side, poetizing the kripakiv, and from the other side, depicting, “that the villagers are overwhelmed by the oppressed, that the helpers behave obscenely and illegally. .. nareshti, scho peasants live in the will of vіlnіshe”.

Spivrobitniki magazine "Suchasnik". Top row: L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich; bottom row: I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, A. N. Ostrovsky. Photo by S. L. Levitsky, February 15, 1856

On the eve of sending to Spasky Turgenev, he traveled to the field, reading books, writing poetry, engraving from the Shahi, listening to Beethoven’s “Coriolanus” from the Viconan A.P. Tyutchev and his sister, who lived at that hour with Spasky, and sometimes they were on the bailiff’s house.

In 1852, the roci, who were still being sent to Spassky-Lutovinov, wrote a textbook explanation of Mumu. Most of the "Notes of Myslivtsya" was created by the writer Nіmechchini. “Notes of the Thought” in 1854 were published in Paris, okremy vidannyam, wanting on the cob of the Crimean war, the publication is small in nature of anti-Russian propaganda, and Turgenev of anger will publicly voice his protest against the unfavorable French translation of Ernest. After the death of Mikoli I, one after another, some of the most significant works of the writer were published: Rudin (1856), The Nest of Nobles (1859), Forward Day (1860) and Fathers and Children (1862). The first two were published in the Nekrasov "Suchasnik", the other two - in the "Russian Visnik" by M. N. Katkov.

Spivrobitniki "Sovremennik" I. Z. Turgenev, M. A. Nekrasov, I. I. Panaev, M. M. Longinov, U. P. Gaevskiy, D. U. Grigorovich were selected from time to time by the group of “warlocks” organized by A. V. Druzhinin. The humorous improvisations of the “warlocks” for an hour went beyond the limits of censorship, and they were also seen beyond the cordon. Pіznіshe Turgenev, taking part in the activity of “Company for help to needy writers and students” (Literary Fund), founded by the initiative of A.V. Druzhinin. Since the beginning of 1856, the writer spivpratsyuvav s journal "Library for reading", which was edited by A. V. Druzhin. However, the editorship did not bring a clear success to the vision, and Turgenev, who in 1856 succeeded in close journal success, in 1861 called the "Library", edited at that time by A.F. Pisemsky, "deaf wild".

In the autumn of 1855, the fate of the friends of Turgenev was replaced by Leo Tolstoy. At the spring of the same fate, in "Suchasnik" was published Tolstoy's essay "Cutting the Fox" with a dedication to I. S. Turgenev.

1860s

Turgenev, taking a hot part in the discussed ready-made village reform, taking part in the creation of various collective lists, projects addressed in the name of Tsar Alexander II, and protesting otherwise. For the first few months, the appearance of Herzen's "Call" Turgenev was a yogo active spokesman. I didn’t write the wine at the “Dzvoni” myself, but helped with the collection of materials and preparations for each other. No less important is the role of Turgenev in the mediation between A.I. Herzen by those correspondents from Russia who, for various reasons, did not want to be in direct contact with a disgraced London immigrant. In addition, Turgenev forced Herzen to review reports, information without the signature of the author was also published in "Dzvon". In front of Turgenev, he spoke out against the sharp tone of Herzen’s materials and critical criticism of ordinary decisions: - So win, maybe, and spend the spirit.

In 1860, an article by N. A. Dobrolyubov “When will a good day come?” In 1860, in the “Suchasnik”, the critic was already aware of the new novel “Forward” and Turgenev’s creativity took off. Prote Turgenev was not dominated by Dobrolyubov's far-flung works, which were broken by him after reading the novel. Dobrolyubov placed at the link the ideas of Turgenev's creation with the underpinnings of the revolutionary transformation of Russia, with which the liberal Turgenev could not reconcile in no time. Dobrolyubov wrote: “Then the literature will have a new, sharp and chewy christening, the image of the Russian Insarov. And we don’t have long to check yoga: for this, those feverish pains of impatience are guaranteed, with which we are especially happy to appear in life.<…>Come and see us all day long! I, prinaimnі, in advance of the day not far from the coming day after him: as a matter of fact, nothing podіlyaє їх! ... » A letter giving N. A. Nekrasov an ultimatum: either wine, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. Nekrasov gave Dobrolyubov the advantage. After that Turgenev came out of "Suchasnik" and stopped talking to Nekrasov, and in the end Dobrolyubov became one of the prototypes of the image of Bazarov in the novel "Fathers and Children".

Turgenev was hard-pressed to the count of writers-zahіdnikіv, as they followed the principles of “pure art”, which opposed the tendentious creativity of revolutionaries-raznochintsiv: P.V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhin. Leo Tolstoy, not long before the stake, joined. This hour Tolstoy is alive in Turgenev's apartment. After the wedding of Tolstoy on S.A. Bers Turgenev, he knew a close relative of Tolstoy, before the wedding, in the early 1861 year, if the insulting prose writers were visiting A.A. the duel that ended, and zipsuval vіdnosiny between scribes on the new 17th anniversary. Every hour of folding in the blue was formed by the writer and by Fet himself, as well as by other fellow contemporary writers - F. M. Dostoyevsky, I. A. Goncharov.

1862 rock began to settle down garni vodnosiny with many friends of Turgenev's youth - A.I. Herzen and M.A. Bakunin. From July 1, 1862 to February 15, 1863, Herzen's "Dzvon" published a series of articles "Kіntsі ta cob" from eight leaves. Without naming the addressee of Turgenev's lists, Herzen, having stood up for his own understanding of the historical development of Russia, yak, on one thought, may collapse with the path of rural socialism. Herzen, opposing the peasant Russia of the bourgeois Western Europe, whose revolutionary potential has already been taken into account. Turgenev recounted Herzen in private lists, invoking the spirituality of the historical act of various lands and peoples.

For example, in 1862 Turgenev was educated before the process of the 32nd at the right about “individuals who were called by the London propagandists”. After I attributed the government about the negain appearance in the Senate of Turgeniev, having written a letter to the sovereign, having tried to reconcile Yogo in the loyalty of his reconciliations, "a lot of independent, ale sumlіnyh." Supplementary points of wine by asking for a charge to you to Paris. Zreshtoy, vin zmusheny buv vikhati in 1864 roci to Russia for the Senate supplement, de zumіv vіd vіd vіd vіd all podozri. The Senate declared Yogo innocent. Turgenev's call, especially before Emperor Oleksandr II, called out Herzen's Zhovchny reaction in "Dzvon". This moment is richly pіznіshe vіdnosinakh vіdnosinakh vypisnikі vikoristav V.I. Lenin for L_Bersії Vіdmіnnostі Lіberalny Kolivan Turgeneus І Herzen: "Kolya Lіberal Turgenezov Having writing a private leaf of Oleksandra II zpevnenіstyu at Vіrannopіddanny soils і sacriveing ​​two goldes to soldiers, early with Utichomyrenі," Dzvon "writing about" Sivo Magdalin " wrote to the sovereign that she did not know sleep, tormented that the sovereign did not know about її kayattya. I Turgenev once recognized himself. Aleksei Turgenev's co-mingling between tsarism and revolutionary democracy showed itself differently.

I. S. Turgenev at the dacha of the brothers of Miliutin near Baden-Baden, 1867

In 1863 Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer took an active part in the cultural life of Western Europe, establishing acquaintances with the greatest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and famous Russian readers with the best works of contemporary authors. Among the well-known correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, William Thackeray, Charles Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Charles Saint-Beuve, Ipolite Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Théophile Gauthier, Edmond Goncourt, Guy de Maupassant, Alphonse Daudet , Gustave Flaubert.

Regardless of life behind the cordon, all the thoughts of Turgenev, like before, were brought to Russia. Vin, having written the novel "Dim" (1867), which called out a lot of super-cats from the conscience. Behind the words of the author, the novel was barked by everyone: “and red, and white, and to the beast, and from below, and to the side - especially to the side.”

In 1868, Turgenev became a permanent contributor to the liberal journal "News of Europe" and opened links with M. N. Katkov. It was not easy to develop it - the writers began to be reviewed in the "Russian Newspaper" and in "Moscow News". The attack was especially strong in the 1870s, if the drive of applause fell on the lot of Turgenev, the Katkivska newspaper began to sing that the writer "swings" in front of the progressive youth.

1870s

Zastilla classics. A. Daudet, G. Flaubert, E. Zola, I. S. Turgenev

Since 1874, famous bachelor parties such as Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev took place in the Parisian restaurants of Risha abo Pelle. The idea belonged to Flaubert, but Turgenev was introduced to them Main role. Obid passed shomіsyatsya. They were attacked by various topics - about the peculiarities of literature, about the structure of the French language, tales were told, and they simply enjoyed the savory zhey. Obidy took place not only at the Parisian restaurateurs, but also at the homes of the writers themselves.

I. Z. Turgenev, born in 1871

I. S. Turgenev acted as a consultant and editor of foreign translations of Russian writers, writing translations and notes to translations of Russian writers in European language, as well as to Russian translations of works by European writers. Vіn translating foreign writers into Russian language and Russian writers and poets into French and German language. This is how the translations of Flaubert's works "Irodiad" and "The Tale of St. Julian of Mercy" for Russian readers and Pushkin's works for French readers. For the same hour, Turgenev, having become the most popular and most popular Russian author in Europe, de criticism zarahuval yoga to the first writers of the century. In 1878, at the International Literary Congress in Paris, a writer was elected by the Vice President. On June 18, 1879, he was awarded the title of honorary doctor of the University of Oxford, despite the fact that before the new university had not given such an honor to the desired novelist.

The fruit of the reflections of the writer of the 1870s, having become the largest of his novels - "New" (1877), which also received criticism. Primir, M. E. Saltikov-Shchedrin developed this novel as a service to the autocracy.

Turgenev in comradeship with the Minister of Education A. V. Golovnin, with the brothers Milyutin (comrade of the Minister of Internal Affairs and the Minister of Foreign Affairs), N. I. Turgeniev, who was close acquaintance with the Minister of Finance M. Kh. Reitern. For example, in the 1870s of the 1870s in Turgenev, there were already young people of revolutionary emigration from Russia, before the count of those who knew them included P. L. Lavrov, P. A. Kropotkin, G. A. Lopatin and a lot of others. Among the other revolutionaries of Herman Lopatin, he put his best, shirking before his mind, fighting with that moral strength.

By the end of the year 1878, Leo Tolstoy, having uttered to Turgenev, forget all the necessities between them, incomprehensibly, then Turgenev was happy to wait. Friendly stosunki that listuvannya resurfaced. Turgeniev, explaining the meaning of modern Russian literature, the essence of Tolstoy's creativity, to an avid reader. The whole Nina Ivan Turgenev played a great role in promoting Russian literature there.

Prote, Dostoyevsky in the novel "Bisi" depicting Turgenev as "the great writer Karmazinov" - a noisy, raucous, write-off and possibly mediocre writer, respecting himself as a genius and watching over the cordon. Similar to the appointment of Dostoevsky to Turgenev, which he demanded forever, he was a viklikane, including the provision of Turgenev’s camp in the yogi nobility and themselves for that hour with high literary fees: from whom I ask for 100 rubles per sheet) giving 4000 rubles, that is 400 rubles per sheet. My friend! I already know better that I am writing higher for Turgenev, but if it’s not necessary higher, I’m sure, I’m going to write better for Turgenev. Why do I, with my needs, take only 100 rubles, and Turgenev, who has 2000 souls, 400 each?

Turgenev, without prihovyuchi their hostility to Dostoevsky, at the leaf of M. Є. Saltykov-Shchedrin 1882 (following the death of Dostoyevsky) also did not spare his opponent, calling him "the Russian Marquis de Sade."

In 1880, the writer took the fate of the Pushkin tracts, consecrated the first monument to the poet in Moscow, and was ruled by the Association of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Rest of the Rocks

Photo I. S. Turgeneva

Vershi in prose. "Visnik Evropi", 1882, chest. From the editorial entry, it is obvious that I called it a magazine, and not an author's.

The rest of the fates of Turgenev's life became the pinnacle of glory for him, like in Russia, de the writer again became a wild lover, and in Europe, de better critics at that hour (I. Ten, Ege. Renan, R. Brandes and others.) vіku. Yogo came to Russia in 1878-1881, the fates became just triumphs. Tim was more anxious in 1882, there were reports about the severity of severe arthritic pains. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of ill health appeared, which appeared to be fatal for Turgenev. With the temporal relief of the pain of the veins, having prodovzhuvati and for a few months before death, having seen the first part of "Virsh u prose" - a cycle of lyrical miniatures, which became its own farewell to life, fatherland and mysticism. The book opened the verse at the prose "Village", and completing the "Russian language" - a lyrical hymn, where the author put his faith in the great recognition of his country:

At the day of sumniviv, at the day of heavy thoughts about the share of my fatherland, you alone are the support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! But you can’t believe it, so that such a language would not be given to a great people!

Parisian doctors Charcot and Jacco diagnosed the writer with angina pectoris; intercostal neuralgia came to her. Resurrection of Turgenev at the Spassky-Lutovinov's Vletka in 1881. In winter, the writer spent the illness at Paris, but in summer he was transported to Bougival at Viardot's maetok.

Until the present day of 1883, the rock was built up on the flooring, which could not sleep without morphine. Ioma had an operation to remove the neuromas at the lower part of the empty stomach, but the operation did not help much, the shards did not alleviate the pain in the chest division of the ridge. The ailment developed, the birch tree and the blossoms of the writer were so tormented that they suddenly began to commemorate the mildly clouded mind, calling often with morphine. The scribe once again saw his near death and resigned himself to the legacy of ailment, as he allowed him to be able to walk and just stand.

Death and funeral

Standing between " a truly ill disease and a truly strong organism”(P. V. Annenkov) ended on 22 September (3 March) 1883 in Bougival near Paris. Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev died of myxosarcoma (evil swelling of the bones of the ridge), on the 65th cycle of life. Likar S.P. Botkin is sure that the correct cause of death was determined only after the rosette, at the hour of which the physiologists named the brain. Yak appeared, in the middle of the quiet, whose brain was rank, Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev was the largest brain (2012 grams, which may be 600 grams more than the middle one).

The death of Turgenev was a great shock for yoga chanuvalniks, which was expressed in a very significant funeral. The funeral was carried out by mournful urochists in Paris, in which the fate of the Chotirist people took the fate. Among them there were no less than a hundred Frenchmen: Edmon Abu, Jules Simon, Emil Ogier, Emil Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Juliette Adam, artist Alfred Diedone (Russian) French, composer Jules Massenet. Quietly, having seen off someone, having turned away from the promoted promo Ernest Renan. Apparently, until the will of the deceased, on the 27th of May, his body was brought to St. Petersburg.

Panahidis were also served at the Verzhbolovo cordon station on the teeth. On the platform of the St. Petersburg Varshavsky railway station, the urochist zustrіch truni with the body of a writer was seen. Senator A.F. Koni said this about the burial at the Volkovsky Tsvintary:

In St. Petersburg and yoga at the Volkovskoe kladovishchi, they were presented by strangers for their beauty, majestic character and chilkovity, goodwill and one-flock dotrimanny order. Bezperervny lansyug 176 deputations of literature, newspapers and journals, scientific, educational and primary foundations, zemstvos, Siberians, Poles and Bulgarians, occupying a space near a mile of verst, turning the sound of a sound neridko. with thin, miraculous vines and korogva with richly meaningful inscriptions. So, a wreath “To the author of Mumu” ​​as a support for intercession for creatures ... a wreath from the inscription “Stronger for death” as a pedagogical women's course ...

- A. F. Koni, "The Burial of Turgenev", Collection of works in eight volumes. T. 6. M., Legal Literature, 1968. Stor. 385-386.

It didn't happen without misunderstandings. The coming day after the resurrection of Turgenev's body in the Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky on the street Daru in Paris 19 Spring, populist-immigrant P.L. Lavrov at the Parisian newspaper "Justice", ed. sheet, in which I reminded that I. S. Turgenev, for his own initiative, repaid Lavrov with a generous stretch of three years of 500 francs each for the purpose of promoting the vision of the revolutionary emigrant newspaper Vperyod.

Russian liberals were overwhelmed by this novelty, vvazhayuchi by this provocation. A conservative signet in the person of M. N. Katkov, on the other hand, scrambled to remind Lavrov for the posthumous citation of Turgenev in the "Russian Newspaper" and "Moscow News" with the method of reshuffling the death of a writer in Russia, which wrote "without any eloquence" came to the capital from Paris for a funeral. The succession to the ashes of Turgenev was already troubled by the Minister of Internal Affairs D. A. Tolstoy, who was afraid of spontaneous rallies. Behind the words of the editor of the News of Europe, M. M. Stasyulevich, who accompanied the body of Turgenev, come in later, lived in by officials, the floorings were unremarkable, none of the wines accompanied the Nightingale the rogue, and not the body of the great writer.

Life Specialist

The first romantic entrapment of young Turgenev was the death of the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya - Katerina (1815-1836), a young poet. The mothers of their fathers at Pdmoskov'ї were between, the stench was often exchanged for visits. Youmu Bulo 15, їй 19. From the sheets to the sina, Varvara Turgenev called Katerina Shakhovskaya "singer" and "lihodіykoy", not standing up against the charms of the young prince, Sergiy Mikolayovich himself, Ivan Turgenev's father, to whom the girl in writing . The episode was richly late, in 1860, it appeared on the story “The First Kokhannya”, in a kind of writer, he gave Katya Shakhovskaya, the heroine of the story, Zinaida Zasekina, the heroine of the story.

At the turn of 1841, at the hour of his turn to Lutovinovoe, Ivan choked on a seamstress Dunyasha (Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova). Mіzh young rozpochavsya romance, which ended vagіtnіstyu girl. Ivan Sergiyovich immediately showed the bajannya to make friends with her. Prote yogo mother ruled from that cause a serious scandal, after which he broke all the way to St. Petersburg. Mother Turgeneva, having learned about Avdotya's pregnancy, quickly hung її to Moscow to the fathers, on April 26, 1842, Pelagia was born. Dunyasha was seen abroad, her daughter was left behind at a double-digit camp. Turgenev officially recognized the child as less than 1857.

Tetyana Bakunina. Portrait of the robot Evdokia Bakunina, mid-19th century.

Not long after the episode with Avdotya Ivanova Turgenev, I got to know Tetyana Bakunina (1815-1871), the sister of the future revolutionary emigrant M.A. Bakunin. Turning back to Moscow after my re-buying in Spassky, I went to Bakuny Premukhino to the mother's day. The winter of 1841-1842 passed by the close intercourse of brothers and sisters Bakunin. At the sisters Mikhail Bakunina, Lyubov, Varvara and Oleksandr, all the friends of Turgenev died because of their will - N. V. Stankevich, V. G. Belinsky and V. P. Botkin.

Tetyana was three years older than Ivan. Like all young Bakunins, she was choked by German philosophy and her attitudes with sharp eyes took the creative prism of Fichte's idealistic conception. Vaughn wrote to Turgenev with German language, many rosy mirkuvans and introspection, not caring about those young people who lived in the same hut, and while Turgenev, she also analyzed the analysis of the motives of the authorities’ vchinkivs and sensitized them. “The “philosophical” novel, - for the respect of G. A. Byaly, - from the vicissitudes of which everything was taken by the younger generation of the Premukhin nest, having spent a few months.” Auntie bula zakokhana in a right way. Ivan Sergiyovich did not completely stop baiting up to the bogged down by him. Vin wrote a piece of verse (the poem "Parasha" is also inspired by references to Bakunina) and an opi- nion dedicated to the high-ideal, the best literary-epistolary hoarding. Ale, it’s not a moment to tell serious people.

There were two more among the other shvidkoplinnykh zahopleni scribes, yakі played the same role in yoga creativity. In the 1850s, the fates saved a swedish-line novel with a distant cousin, eighteenth-year-old Olga Oleksandrivna Turgeneva. The stagnation was mutual, and the writer, thinking in 1854 about the wedding, the prospect of such a one-hour lamented. Olga served as a prototype for the image of Aunt in the novel "Dim". So is the irresponsible buv Turgenev from Mary Mikolayevna Tolstoy. Ivan Sergiyovich, writing about Leo Tolstoy's sister P. V. Annenkova: Sweet, reasonable, simple - the eye would not see. In my old age (on the fourth day I hit 36 ​​years) - I didn’t die a little. For the sake of Turgenev, M. N. Tolstaya already went as a person, she took the respect of a writer to herself for a right kohannya. Ale Turgeniev, having become obsessed with Platonic hoardings, and Maria Mykolayivna served as a prototype for Virochka in the novel Faust.

In the autumn of 1843, Turgenev first danced Pauline Viardot on the stage of the Opera House, since the great couple came on tour to St. Petersburg. Turgenev was 25 years old, Viardo - 22 years old. Then, on the field of wine, we got to know the man Polina, the director of the Italian theater in Paris, we saw the critic and mysticist Louis Viardot, and on the first leaf fall of 1843, we saw Polina himself. Among the masses of chanuvalniks, she especially did not see Turgenev, who seemed to be an inveterate thinker, and not a writer. And if the tour was over, Turgenev at once from the family of Viardot went to Paris against the will of his mother, still unknown to Europe and without a penny. I don’t care about those who all respect yoga for a rich man. Once again, the material situation was explained by the very misfortune of the mother, one of the richest women of Russia and the ruler of the majestic stronghold and industrial empire.

For cuteness to " damn gypsies Mati did not give you pennies for three years. Rocky’s image of this life is little guessing about the new stereotype of life of the “rich Russian”. At the fall of the leaves of 1845, the fate of the wines turned to Russia, and in the spring of 1847, having learned about Viardo’s tour in Niemchyna, I rediscovered the country: we went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. Without looking like an official blue, Turgenev is alive with the Viardot family. on the edge of someone else's nest”, as if showing wine himself. Polina Viardot sang in honor of Don Turgenev. At the beginning of the 1860s, Viardot's family settled in Baden-Baden, and with them Turgenev (Villa Tourgueneff). Thanks to the family of Viardot and Ivan Turgenev, this villa has become the greatest musical and artistic center. The war of 1870 forced Viardot's family to leave Nimechchina and move to Paris, where they moved the writer.

The correct nature of the presentation of Pauline Viardot and Turgenev's dossi is the subject of discussion. I think that since Louis Viardo was paralyzed as a result of a stroke, Polina and Turgenev actually became friends. Louis Viardo was twenty years older than Polina, and he died on the same day. S. Turgenevim.

The last love of the writer was the actress of the Oleksandrinsky Theater Maria Savina. It was born in 1879, when the young actress was 25 years old, and Turgenev was 61 years old. The actress at that time played the role of Virochka in Turgenev's play "Month in the countryside". The role of the bula pavement was clearly defined, as the writer of the letters himself was zdivaniya. After the first step I went to the actress for the lashtunki with a great bouquet of trojans and winking: “ Newly tsiu Virochka I wrote?» Ivan Turgenev succumbed to her, which he clearly recognized. Rіdkіsnіst їх zustrіchy zapovnyuvalsya regular listings, as if it were chotiri rocky. Ignorant in the vastness of Turgenev’s stature, for Mary Vin, rather a good friend. She was friends with another, she didn’t see her like that. Savino's love for Turgeniev was also not destined to be sued - the writer died in the midst of the Viardo family.

"Turgeniv girls"

Turgenev's special life was no more successful. Having lived 38 years in close contact with Viardo's family, the writer felt deeply self-reliant. Turgen's image of love was formed in the minds, but love was in a characteristic melancholy creative manner. In yoga creations, there may be a happy rozvyazki, and the remaining chord is often summaries. For example, none of the Russian writers did not attach a style of respect to the image of a kohanny, no one idealized a woman in such a world, like Ivan Turgenev.

Characteristics female characters yogo creations of the 1850s - 1880s - the images of whole, pure, self-confessed, morally strong heroines in the sum formed a literary phenomenon " turgeniv girl"- a typical heroine of yoga creations. Such are Liza in the story “The Friend of the Zayvoi of the People”, Nataliya Lasunska in the novel “Rudin”, Asya in the one-men story, Vira in the story “Faust”, Elizaveta Kalitina in the novel “The Noble Nest”, Olena Stakhova in the novel “Forward”, Marianna Sinetska novels "Nova" and others.

L. N. Tolstoy, denoting the merits of the writer, saying that Turgenev painted marvelous portraits of women, and that Tolstoy himself saw the Turgenev women in life.

Offspring

Turgeneva Pelageya (Polina, Polinet) Ivanivna. Photo by E. Karzha, 1870s

Turgenev didn't take off his own. Daughter of the Writer of Vіd Bіloshweika Avdown єrmolaєvni Іvanovoi Pelageya Іvіvna Turgenev, in Zhivyzhі Brewer (1842-1919), bes of the eight rokіv cherished in SIM'ji Polini Vіardo from Franzії, de Turgeneis Zmіniv їmi іm'ya Z Pelagia on Polіnu (Polіnet, Paul Milosuette. Until Franitary and Lishe SERGIOVICH, Kolya Daughters, Vizhnyliloma ChoirNetsy. Polіnet Neznya Zabule Rosіysku Movu і spoke to the viulya fiction, Shahko її Batka. At the same hour, I began to scorch the stallinki from Divik. was hostilely put up to a roaring old man, and suddenly it brought about the fact that the girl was taken to a private boarding house.

In the seventeenth century, Polinet met the young businessman Gaston Brewer (1835-1885), who caused Ivan Turgenev to receive an injury, and he gave a year to his daughter's daughter. Yak sent the father, giving the chimal a sum for that hour - 150 thousand francs. The maiden fell in love with Brewer, who had gone bankrupt without a hitch, after which Polinet, for the sake of escort, changed her father like a man in Switzerland. Turgenev's bula Polina Viardot, daughter after her death, stooped down at the squalid material camp. Died in 1919 roci u vіtsi 76 roki vіd cancer. The children of Polinet - Georges-Albert and Jeanne - are not few. Georges Albert died 1924. Zhanna Breuer-Turgeneva never came abroad; she lived earning her life with private lessons, shards freely led five mov. Vaughn tried her hand at poetry, wrote poetry in French. She died in 1952 at the age of 80 years, and after her, the genus Turgeniev family fell off along the lines of Ivan Sergiyovich.

Poluvannya zakhoplennya

I. S. Turgenev was one of the most famous in Russia myslivtsiv in his time. Having pinned his uncle Mikola Turgenev to the future writer’s love until he fell, he was familiar with horses and miserable dogs around the circle, who, having taken up the boy’s waving during the hour of his summer holidays at Spasky’s. So, having started the mislivian reference of the future writer A.I. Kupfershmidt, whom Turgenev respected as his first teacher. Zavdyaky youma Turgeniev, already among young people, could call himself a towel-maker. Navit mother Ivan, as before she marveled at the myslivtsiv, like at the ledaris, adopted the swamped son. With fates, zakhoplennya outgrew into an addiction. It used to be that during the whole seasons without letting go of the towels, walking thousands of miles through the rich provinces of the central smuga of Russia. Turgeniev, saying that the watering of the powerful Russian people was inflamed, and that the Russian people loved the watering from long ago.

In 1837, Turgenev got to know the peasant-myslivan Afanasy Alifanov, who became a part of his watering companion. Buying Yogo's letter for a thousand karboventsiv; he settled in the forest, five miles away from Spassky. Athanasius was a miraculous opovіdom, and Turgenev often came to the new one to sit over a cup of tea and listen to the mystical stories. Rozpovid "About the nightingale" (1854) of records written by a writer from the words of Alifanov. Athanasius himself, becoming the prototype of Ermolai from the Notes of Thought. Vіn buv vіdomy with his talent of thinking is also among the friends of the writer - A. A. Fet, I. P. Borisov. If Athanasius died in 1872, Turgenev felt sorry for the old comrade and asked his stinger to help his daughter Hanna.

In 1839, the mother of the writer, describing the tragic aftermath that happened in Spassky, do not forget to remember: “ the towel is your strength, and the dog has gone away". Pozhezha hastened the arrival of Ivan Turgenev in Spaska. The flood of 1839 was first destroyed by watering in the Telegin swamps (on the border between the Bolkhovsky and Orlovsky counties), seeing the Lebedyansky fair, which was featured in the description of Lebedyan (1847). Varvara Petrivna, especially for the new pridbala, five hryvnias, nine hounds, and horses from the saddles.

Vlitka 1843 Ivan Sergiyovich lived at the dacha in Pavlovsk and also had a lot of water. What fate did I get to know Polina Viardot. The scribe їy was introduced with the words: “ Tse young Russian helper. Glorious myslivets that filth sings". The man of the actress Lui Bov, Yak and Turgenev, is an addicted minder. Ivan Sergiyovich repeatedly asked for water on the outskirts of St. Petersburg. The stench more than once with friends dreamed of watering to the Novgorod province and Finland. And Polina Viardot presented Turgenev with a garniy and an expensive game bag.

« I. S. Turgenev on watering", (1879). N. D. Dmitriev-Orenburzsky

For example, in the 1840s, a writer lived behind the cordon and worked on the “Notes of a Thought”. 1852-1853 the fates of the writer were found by Spassky under the supervision of the police. Ale, the message did not disdain Yogo, the one who in the village had a new coin of watering, and far away. And the advancing fate of the wines was destroyed by the Myslivsky expedition for 150 miles from Spassky, deraz z I. F. Yurasov polyuvav on the banks of the Desna. This expedition served as material for Turgenev to work on the story "The Trip to Polissya" (1857).

Torishny sickle of 1854 to the fate of Turgenev at once from M.A. I. Maslova Osmino, after which both of them continued to swim in Spassky. In the 1850s, the fates of Turgenev got to know the family of counts Tolstykh. The elder brother of L. N. Tolstoy, Mykola, also appeared as a protracted philanthropist and at the same time with Turgeniev, he made a lot of myslivsky trips around the outskirts of Spassky and Mikilsko-V'yazemsky. One of the companions of M. N. Tolstoy - Valerian Petrovich; figures of yoga character appeared on the image of Priimkov in the novel "Faust" (1855). In 1855, Turgenev did not fall in love through the cholera epidemic, but in the coming season he tried to make up for the omissions of the hour. Together with N. N. Tolstoy, a writer saw Pirogovo, S. N. Tolstoy’s maetok, who wanted to swim with horses and maw beautiful horses and dogs. Turgeniev, having vvazhav for the best poluvat with a towel, we kick with a dog and more importantly on a feathered game.

Turgenev took a kennel with seventy hounds and sixty horts. Together with M. M. Tolstim, A. A. Fet and A. T. Alifanov, they created a number of missions of thought in the central Russian provinces. In 1860-1870, Turgenev’s fates were living behind the cordon. Vіn namagavsya beyond the cordon to create rituals and the atmosphere of Russian watering, but it would be less likely to find something else, if at the same time from Louis Viardot it was possible to rent a decently sensible place. In the spring of 1880, having seen Spaska, Turgenev specially came to Yasna Polyana with the method of moving L. N. Tolstoy to take his fate at the Pushkin tracts. Tolstoy looked up at the request, splintering the urochist and offending liberals in front of the starving Russian peasantry. Prote Turgeniev, having created his old dream - having loved at once from Leo Tolstoy. About Turgenev to inspire a ciliary myslivsky gurtok - N. A. Nekrasov, A. A. Fet, A. N. Ostrovsky, N. N. and L. N. Tolstі, artist P. P. Sokolov (illustrator of "Notes of Myslivtsya") . In addition, you happened to fall in love with the German writer Karl Muller, as well as with the representatives of the royal houses in Russia and the Nimechchini - Grand Duke Mikola Mikolayovich and Prince of Hesse.

Ivan Turgenev walked out with a rushnitsa for the shoulders of Orlovsk, Tulsk, Tambov, Kursk, Kaluzka provinces. Vіn dobre buv znayomiy z naykraschih myslivskimi ugіddy England, France, Nіmechchini. Three specialized works dedicated to watering were written by him: "About the Notes of the Toweled Thought of the Orenburz Province S. T. Aksakov", "Notes of the Toweled Thought of the Orenburz Province"

Until the end of his life, the old Ivan Turgenev repented on his deathbed at the vbivstvii on the watering of woodcocks, black grouse, hollows, jocks, chickens and other wild birds.

Peculiarities of character and writing

Addresses of Turgenev as edited by "Suchasnik", watercolor by D. V. Grigorovich, 1857

The biographies of Turgenev marked the unique features of his writing style. From the youth of the wines, having lost one's mind, illumination, artistic talent with passivity, silliness to introspection, insensitivity. All at once, in a chimerical rank, the little barchon's little tones rose, like a trivaly hour in the fallow in the presence of a lordly, despotic mother. Turgeniev guessing that at the University of Berlin at the first hour of Hegel's training, he would leave the training, if it was necessary to train his dog or to nationalize him to squint. T. N. Granovsky, zaishov up to the new apartment, catching the student-philosopher behind a thunder with a kripak (Porfiry Kudryashov) near the cart soldiers. The children were smoothed out with fates, but the internal discord and immaturity, having looked at another hour, made themselves known: after the words of A. Ya. svіtskomu suspіlstvі Turgenev was ashamed to know about his literary earnings, which spoke about yoga khibne and lightly placed up to literature and up to the rank of a writer at that hour.

About the faint-heartedness of a writer in his youth, recount the episode of 1838 to fate in Nіmechchina, if the hour became more expensive on the ship, it became hotter, and the passengers were amazed at the distance. Turgenev, who was afraid for his life, asking one of the sailors to bury yoga and denounced his wine-grower in his rich mother, as if he were going to go to vikonati yoga prohannya. The other passengers witnessed that the young man wailed pitifully: “ Die so young!”, Rozshtovhuyuchi with whom women and children have ryatuvalnyh chovniv. Luckily, the shore of the Bouves is not far away. Leaning on the birch, the young man is snarled by his cowardice. Bits about yoga fearfully penetrated into society and became the subject of gluzuvan. Podiya played the negative role of the author's distant life and was described by Turgenev himself in the novel “Fire on the Sea”.

The latter add one more figure to the character of Turgenev, which brought to him that overwhelming chimalo trouble - yogo neobov'yazkovіst, "All-Russian non-balisty" or "Oblomovism", as they say Є. A. Solovyov. Ivan Sergiyovich instantly ask for guests and forget about it all at once, violating the curls at your right; in a moment to inform M. A. Nekrasov for the draft issue of “Suchasnik” to take an advance payment from A. A. Kraevsky and to hand over the manuscript in due time. In the presence of such prikrykh dribnits Ivan Sergiyovich himself, having guarded the younger generation. The Polish-Russian revolutionary Artur Benni became the victim of this neobov'yazka, as if in Russia they called riveting calls in that he was an agent of the ІІІ Vіddelennya. Dane zvinuvachennya moment of development is less than A. I. Herzen, who wrote a sheet of paper to Benny and asked him to pass yoga with an opportunity to London I. Z. Turgenev. Turgenev, forgetting about the sheet, which, having lain unmanaged by the new one for over two months. In the course of an hour, Bennie's feelings about the health reached catastrophic deaths. The leaf, which, having drank to Herzen with great delay, could not change anything in Benn's reputation.

The return side of tsikh vad bula was spiritual softness, breadth of nature, generosity, gentleness in the house, but yogo softness is small in its borders. If it was the hour of the rest of my arrival to the Spassky winery, I wobbled, what a mother, I didn’t know what to do with my beloved son, I would build the good kripakiv uzdovzh alei, to whack the barchuk. loudly and radiolly”, Ivan became angry at the matir, immediately turned around and went back to St. Petersburg. More stench did not fight until її death, and yogo decision could not steal penniless. Ludwig Pich among the powers of Turgenev's character saw his modesty. Behind the cordon, where nasty people knew yoga creativity, Turgenev was by no means humbled in front of the soothing tims who already got into Russia led by a writer. Having become an independent master of the maternal recession, Turgenev did not show any ill will about his own bread and vrozha. At the sight of Leo Tolstoy, I don’t have my own domestic vein.

I call myself wine " to the helpless of the Russian helpers". The writer did not delve into the management of his mother, handing over to him or his uncle, or I sing to M. S. Tyutchev, otherwise I call them vipadkovy people. In Turgenev, we can even do it, we can’t have less than 20,000 rubles in income on rivers from the earth, but if we demand pennies, it’s even more unusual to spend money on them. The signs of the broad Russian pan were given. Turgenev's literary fees were even more significant. Vin was one of the most highly paid writers in Russia. The skin of the "Notes of Myslivtsya" brought him 2,500 rubles in net income. The right to see yoga creations cost 20-25 thousand carbovents.

The value of that assessment of creativity

Enter people at the image of Turgenev

"The Noble Nest" on the stage of the Maly Theatre, Lavretsky - A.I. Sumbatov-Yuzhin, Liza – Olena Leshkovska (1895)

Ignoring those that the tradition of depicting “foreign people” vinified before Turgenev (Chatsky A. S. Griboyedova, Eugene Onegin A. S. Pushkin, Pechorin M. Yu. Lermontov, Beltov A. I. Significant history» I. A. Goncharova), Turgenev should have priority over the designated type literary characters. The name "Zaiva lyudina" became fixed after the release in 1850 of the Turgeniv novel "Schodennik zayva lyudina". "Zayvі lyudi" vіdznyalis, as a rule, sleepy rices іntelektualіnї perevagі over otochuyuchimi and at once passivnіstyu, sincere discord, skepticism on vіdnosnennі to realіy zvnіshny svіtu, rozbіzhnistyu mіzh in a word that's right. Turgeniev, having created a whole gallery of similar images: Chulkaturin (“Schoden of the Zayvoi people”, 1850), Rudin (“Rudin”, 1856), Lavretsky (“Noble Nest”, 1859), Nezhdanov (“News”, 1877). The problems of “zayvoi lyudiny” are also attributed to Turgenev’s descriptions of “Asya”, “Yakiv Pasinkov”, “Listuvannya” and others.

The main hero of the "Scholar of the Zayvoi lyudiny" to analyze all his emotions, to fix the smallest sights, I will become a good soul. Like Shakespeare's Hamlet, the hero mentions the unnaturalness and tension of his thoughts, the willpower: " I sorted myself out to the last thread, matching myself with others, guessing the least look, grins, words of people ... Whole days passed in this painful, fruitless work". Rose of the soul, introspection delivers unnatural satisfaction to the hero: “ Only after seeing my house of the Burning Ones, I am painfully aware, how many satisfied people can draw from looking at my own misfortune.". The impossibility of apathetic and reflexive characters was even more evident in the images of strong and strong Turgenev's heroines.

The essay “Hamlet and Don Quixote” (1859) became the inspiration for Turgenev’s thoughts about the heroes of the Rudin and Panchokh types. The most "Hamletic" of the current Turgeniv "foreign people" is the hero of the "Noble Nest" Lavretsky. "Russian Hamlet" is named in the novel "Nov" one of the main characters Oleksiy Dmitrovich Nezhdanov.

Poruch from Turgeniev, the phenomenon of "zayvoi people" continued to explore I. A. Goncharov in the novel "Oblomov" (1859), M. A. Nekrasov - Agarin ("Sasha", 1856), A. F. Pisemsky and so on. Ale, at the sight of the character of Goncharov, the heroes of Turgenev recognized a greater type. To the thought of the Radianian literary scholar A. Lavretsky (I. M. Frenkel), “Yakbi mi z usikh dzherel vvchennya of the 40s. having left one “Rudin” or one “Noble Nest”, then it would still be possible to establish the character of the era in її specific rices. For "Oblomov" I can't kill anyone."

A.P. Chekhov ironically depicted the tradition of depicting Turgeniv's "foreign people" in an ironic way. The character of the yoga story "Duel" Laevskiy is an abridged and parodic version of the Turgenev's Zayvoi people. Vin to his friend von Koren: “ I'm nevdaha, zayva people". Von Koren will wait for tim that Laevsky - tse " skolok from Rudina". Vodnochas vіdkuєtsya about the claims of Laevskogo buti “zayvoj people” in a significant tone: “ Think so, speaking, that it’s not the fault of the fact that the state-owned packets on the ground are not rozrukovannym and that he himself is drinking those other solders, but the fault is Onegin, Pechorin, and Turgenev". Later, critics made the character of Rudin close to the character of Turgenev.

On stage

Sketch of the scenery to "Month in the countryside", M. V. Dobuzhinsky, 1909

In the middle of the 1850s, the fate of Turgenev grew up at his own playwright's call. Criticism voted yogo p'essi inscenic. The author, having learned from the thoughts of criticism and writing for the Russian stage, and in 1868-1869 wrote for Polina Viardot some French operetta libretto, which was recognized for staging in the Baden-Baden theater. L.P. Grossman recognized the justice of the rich critics for the address of Turgenev for the lack of ruin in them and the over-importance of the rose element. Prote wine pointed out the paradoxical vitality of Turgenev's productions on stage. Please Ivan Sergiyovich for over a hundred and sixty years not to go to the repertoire of the European and Russian theaters. The stench was celebrated by famous Russian victors: P. A. Karatigin, U. U. Samoilov, U. U. Samoilova (Samoilova 2nd), A. E. Martinov, W. I. Zhivokіnі, M. P. Sadovskiy, Z V. Shumskiy, V. N. Davidov, K. A. Varlamov, M. G. Savina, G. N. Fedotova, V. F. Komіsarzhevska, K. S. Stanіslavskiy, V .I. Kachalov, M. M. Ermolova and others.

Turgenev, a playwright, was widely recognized in Europe. There was little success on the stages of the Antoine Theater in Paris, the Burgtheater in Vienna, the Munich Chamber Theatre, Berlin, Kenigsberg and others. German theaters. Turgenev's dramaturgy was in the repertoire of famous Italian tragedies: Ermet Novelli, Tommaso Salvini, Ernesto Rossi, Ermet Zakkoni, Austrian, German and French actors Adolf von Sonnenthal, Andre Antoine, Charlotte Voltaire and France.

From the success of yogo p'єs the greatest success was achieved on the share of "Month in the countryside". The debut of vistavi occurred in 1872. At the beginning of the 20th century, K.S. Stanislavsky and I were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Moskvin. The artist-decorator of the production and the author of the sketches of the costumes of the diyovikh osib buv, the artist-world artist M. V. Dobuzhinsky. Tsya p'esa do not go off the stage Russian theaters until now. Even for the life of the author, the theaters began with great success to stage his novels and novels: "The Nest of Nobles", "Steppe King Lear", "Spring Water". This tradition is carried on by modern theaters.

According to contemporary estimates in the 19th century

Caricature of A. M. Volkov Turgenev's novel "Dim".
"Iskra". 1867. No. 14.
- What an unacceptable smell - fі!
- Dim burning popularity, a child of dying talent ...
- Shh, sir! І Dim Turgenev is sweet and welcome to us!

The students gave Turgenev's creativity an even higher rating. The critics V. G. Belinsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, D. I. Pisarev, A. V. Druzhinin, P. V. Annenkov, Apollon Grigor'ev, V. P. Botkin, N. M. Strakhov, V. P. Burenin, K. S. Aksakov, I. S. Aksakov, N. K. Mikhailovsky, K. N. Leontiev, A. S. Suvorin, P. L. Lavrov, S. S. Dudishkin, P. N. Tkachov, N. I. Solovyov, M. A. Antonovich, M. N. Longіnov, M. F. De-Poulet, N. V. Shelgunov, N. G. Chernishevsky and many others.

Thus, V. G. Belinskiy recognized the inimitable mastery of the image of Russian nature in the writer. Behind the words of M. V. Gogol, Russian literature at that time had the greatest talent in Turgenev. M. A. Dobrolyubov wrote that Turgenev’s varto stumbled at his own line, whether it was food for the new side of the suspіlnyh vіdnosin, like tsі problems were raised and at the witness of the illumined suspіlstva, appearing in front of everyone’s eyes. M. Y. Saltikov-Shchedrin, declaring that literary activity Turgenev is of little importance for the supremacy of Nekrasov, Belinsky and Dobrolyubov. At the thought of the Russian literary critic kintsya XIX on the cob XX century S. A. Vengerov, the writer went into writing the flooring realistically, it was important to catch between the literary world and real life. Yogo novels were not only read out - yoga was inherited by the heroes in life. For skin care, great works are diyova persona, in the mouth of which the fine and bright warmth of the writer himself is put.

Turgenev is a good introduction to modern Western Europe. In the 1850s, he was translating in the 1850s, and in the 1870s-1880s, he became the most beloved and most read Russian writer in the city of Nimechchina, and the German critics rated him as one of the most important contemporary writers. The first translations of Turgenev were August Wiedert, August Bolz and Paul Fuchs. Translating the rich works of Turgenev in German, the German writer F. Bodenstedt at the entrance to "Russian Fragments" (1861) confirmed that Turgenev's work was equal to the works of the shortest contemporary novels in England, Germany and France. Chlodvig Hohenloe (1894-1900), Chancellor of the Nimets Empire (1894-1900), who called Ivan Turgenev the best candidate for the seat of the Prime Minister of Russia, commented about the writer as follows: “ Today, I spoke from the smartest people of Russia».

In France, Turgeniv's "Notes of the Mind" were popular. Guy de Maupassant naming the writer " great people» ta « brilliant novelist", and George Sand wrote to Turgenev:" Teacher! We can all go through your school". His creativity was well known in English literary schools - in England, “Notes of the Thought”, “Noble Nest”, “Forward” and “News” were translated. The zahіdny chitach was reprimanded by the moral purity of the image of the lady, the image of the Russian woman (Deer Stakhova); opposed to posting the warlike democrat Bazarov. Zooming in to show the European community the right Russia, to know foreign readers about the Russian peasant, about the Russian rіznochintsy and the revolutionaries, about the Russian intelligentsia and the crooked image of the Russian woman. Foreign readers of the pioneers of Turgenev's creativity have conquered the great traditions of the Russian realist school.

Leo Tolstoy gave the following description of the writer in the list of A. N. Pipin (sichen 1884): “Turgenev - beautiful person(not a deep one, a weak one, but a good one, a good person), as if to say to yourself what you think and see.

In the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron

The novel "Fathers and Children". View-e 1880, Leipzig, Nimechchina

On the thought of the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, "Notes of a Thought", around the great success of reading, played a significant historical role. The book managed to inspire strong hostility to the decline to the throne of Alexander II, who, through a few years, carried out a number of reforms against the backdrop of strong law in Russia. Under the opposition of the Notes, a lot of representatives of the ruling classes were changed. The book carried a social protest in its own mind, vibrating its strength, and the very strength was sticking out in the "Notes of the Thought" strimanically and carefully. Zmіst books buv vigadanim, it changed the readers, that it is not possible for people to be spared the simplest human rights. Ale, cry to protest, vindication of small artistic value, carrying in themselves a soft and poetic flavor. In the words of the literary critic Z. A. Vengerov, the landscape painting of the Notes of Myslivtsya became one of the best in Russian literature at that time. All the best qualities of Turgenev's talent were taken away in the drawings with a clear expression. " Great, mighty, truthful is that free Russian language”, to whom the rest of the book “Virshiv in prose” (1878-1882) is dedicated, having taken away from the “Notes” the most and most subtle of its expressions.

In the novel "Rudin" the author of zooms successfully depicts the generation of the 1840s. With a singing world, Rudin himself is the image of the famous Hegelian agitator M.A. with a blush on the cheeks and without blood at the heart". Rudin appeared in the era, if the suspenstvo dreamed about the “right”. The author's version of the novel was not allowed by the censors through the episode of Rudin's death on the black barricades, which was one-sidedly enlightened by criticism. According to the author’s idea, Rudin was richly gifted with a person with noble spirits, but at the same time he was ruined in front of action; Vіn umіv prejudicedly viguknuti and zahopiti іnshih, but he himself, with the help of others, will allow the addiction to that temperament. The hero of the novel, having become a wild word for quiet people, for whom the word does not fit right. The writer vzagali not especially sparing his beloved heroes, let him bring in the best representatives of the Russian noble camp in the middle of the 19th century. Vіn neridko pіdkreslyuvav passivnіst і mlyavіst іn thіs characters, аnd navit risi morаlії bezporadі. For whom, the realism of the writer was manifested, which depicted life in such a way, as it were.

And just as in Turgenev’s “Rudin” he spoke only against the stupidly goofy people of the generation of the fortieth years, then in the “Noble Nest” his criticism fell already against the whole generation; wines without the least bitterness, giving priority to young forces. In the person of the heroine of the novel, the simple Russian girl Lizi, the testimony of the chosen image of the rich women of that hour, if the sensation of the woman’s life was reduced to a kohanny, having recognized bad luck in such a woman, she was spared whether she had a reason. Turgenev conveyed the birth of a new type of Russian woman, having placed his novel at the center of his attack. Russian society at that time lived ahead of the fundamental social and sovereign changes. The first heroine of Turgenev’s novel “The Day Before” Olena became a specialization of the unaccounted for good and new, characteristic of the first fates of the era of reforms, without a clear statement about the price of the new and the good. A novel of unimpressed titles “Forward” - for the new Shubin, he will finish his elegy for nourishment: “ When will the time come? When do we have people?"On what yogo svіvrozmovnik vyslovlyu nadіyu on the best:" Give me a term, - vydpov Uvar Ivanovich, - there will be". On the sides of "Suchasnik" the novel, having taken away the hoarded assessment from Dobrolyubov's article "If a fair day comes."

The offensive novel "Fathers and Children" most clearly achieved one of the most characteristic features of Russian literature at that time - the most significant link between literature and real overshoots of suplimentary moods. Turgenєvu Away maintained upstream of іnshih pismennikіv vloviti time odnostaynostі suspіlnoї svіdomostі scho Hovav in drugіy polovinі 1850 rokіv Stara mikolaїvsku Epoch of її inanimate reaktsіynoyu zamknenіstyu, i turning point Epoch: the following rozbrіd novatorіv scho vidіlili zi Svoge seredovischa pomіrkovanih predstavnikіv Senior pokolіnnya. More beautifully than the future - “batkiv”, and saved the fundamental changes in the suspended structure of the young generation - “children”. Journal "Russian Word" named after D.I. Pisareva navit, having recognized the hero of the novel, the radically altered Bazarov, as his ideal. At that very hour, as if to look at the image of Bazarov from a historical perspective, like a type, like a type, which vibrated the mood of the sixteenth years of the nineteenth century, it was more open in full obsyaz, shards of suspіlno-political radicalism, to endure a strong todі, in the novel there may be violations.

During the period of living abroad, near Paris, the writer became close to a wealth of emigrants and foreign youth. The new one again had a chance to write on the wickedness of the day - about the revolutionary "going to the people", after which the largest novel "Nova" appeared. Ale, after some effort, Turgenev was about to catch the most characteristic figures of the Russian revolutionary movement. Forgiveness was those who made the center of the novel one of the typical helpless people for his creations, which could be characteristic of the generation of the 1840s, but not the 1870s. The novel did not take away the high marks from critics. Of the best works of the writer, the greatest respect was given to the “Song of Triumphant Love” and “Virshi in Prose”.

XIX-XX centuries

Naprikintsі XIX - the beginning of the XX century to creativity I. S. Turgenev was criticized by critics and literary scholars S. A. Vengerov, Yu. I. Aikhenvald, D. S. Merezhkovsky, D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A. I. Nezelenov, Yu. N. Govorukha-Otrok, V. V. Rozanov, A. Ye. Georgian, Y. A. Solovyov-Andriyovich, L. A. Tikhomirov, V. E. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky, A. F. Koni, A. G. Gornfeld, F. D. Batyushkov, V. V. Stasov, G. V. Plekhanov, K. D. Balmont, P. P. Pertsov, M. O. Gershenzon, P. A. Kropotkin, R. V. Ivanov-Rozumnik and others.

On the thought of literary scholar and theater critic Yu. I. Aikhenwald, who gave an assessment to the writer of the ear of a century, Turgenev was not a deep writer, writing on the surface in light tones. In the opinion of the critic, the writer is easily put to life. Knowing all passions, ability and depth human witness, writer, prote, in the presence of the right seriousness: " A tourist of life, he sees everything, he looks everywhere, he doesn’t stop anywhere for a long time and in the end of his road he narrates, that the path of endings, that they gave him nowhere to go. Rich, clever, rіznomanіtny, vin not, however, pathos and right seriousness. Yoga softness - yoga weakness. Vіn having shown diysnіst, but earlier viyav її tragic core". It is easy to read on the thought of Aikhenvald, Turgenev, it is easy to live with him, but you don’t want to boast yourself and don’t want your readers to be turbulent. Also, the critic dorikav the writer for single-mandate vikoristanny artistic receptions. Ale at the same hour named Turgenev patriot of Russian nature» for yoga, the regions of the native land were glorified.

The author of the article about I. S. Turgenev in the six-volume History of Russian Literature of the 19th Century (1911), edited by Professor D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy, A. Y. Georgian explains the claims of critics before Turgenev in this way. On the other hand, Turgenev's creativity was most famous for live events, staging new successful projects. " This element of yoga novels and stories is one, well, and vrakhovuvsya seriously and respectfully with critical criticism of the 50s - 60s; vіn vvazhavsya like bi obov'yazkovim in Turgenіv's creativity". Without taking away their inspiration from new creations, criticism was dissatisfied and robbed the author of the dog " for nevikonannya him his bulky obov'yazkіv". As a result, the author was so stunned that he wrote off and changed his talent. Such a step up to the creativity of Turgenev, Gruzinsky is called one-sided and pardoning. Turgenev was not a writer-prophet, a writer-gromadyan, wanting to win and pov'yazuvav all his great works with important and bitter themes of his boisterous era, but most of the time he was an artist-singer, the nature of respectful analysis.

Before which visnovka comes the critic Y. A. Solovyov. Winning respect is also for the mission of Turgenev-translation of Russian literature for European readers. Zavdyaky you may not be afraid of all the best creations of Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy were translated by foreign language. " Nothing, respectfully, will not reduce Turgenev’s efforts to achieve a high and important task.<…>Vіn, in fact, his talent is not only a Russian, but also a European, all-world writer”, - write Y. A. Solovyov. Relying on the way of depicting the love of Turgeniv girls, we should try to be so careful: Turgenev's heroines will suffocate once and love less than once, but for the rest of their lives. The stench, obviously, from the tribe of the poor Asdras, for such loves and death were equal<…>Love and death, love and death - inseparable artistic associations". In the character of Turgenev, the critic also knows a lot of what the writer depicted in his hero Rudina: “ Unparalleled personality and no less than a high marnoslavism, idealism and slightness to melancholy, majestic rosy and infuriated will».

The representative of decadent criticism in Russia, Dmitro Merezhkovsky, is placed ambiguously before the work of Turgenev. Vіn tsіnuvav Turgenev's novels, volіyuchi їm "small prose", especially the title of "taєmnichі rozpovіdі i povistі" writer. According to Merezhkovsky, Ivan Turgenev is the first impressionist artist, the forerunner of modern symbolism: “ The value of Turgenev-artist for the literature of the future<…>in the creation of an impressive style, like an artistic illumination, not related to the work of this writer as a whole».

Singing symbolist and critic Maksimilian Voloshin wrote that Turgenev's artistic finesse, which he learned from French writers, occupies a special place in Russian literature. Ale, in front of French literature, with its fresh and fresh sensibility, almost alive and dead flesh, Turgenev in the litter, irritably and merrily idealizing a woman. The contemporary literature of Voloshin has a lot of links between the prose of Ivan Bunin and Turgenev's landscape painting.

Over the years, the theme of Bunin's victory over Turgeniev in landscape prose has been repeatedly praised by literary critics. L. N. Tolstoy, following the words of the pianist A. B. Goldenweiser, saying about the description of nature in Bunin’s description: “Go ahead, - and it’s written that Turgenev didn’t write like that, but don’t say anything about me.” I Turgenev, and Bunin, those who offended were writers-poets, writers-myslivtsy, writers-nobles and authors of "noble" stories. Tim is no less, a colleague of "the sumptuous poetry of the noble nests that are roaming" Bunin, in the opinion of the literary critic Fyodor Stepun, "like an artist richly sensitive to Turgenev." “The nature of Bunin, for all the realistic accuracy of his leaves, is still familiar in another, lower in two of our greatest realists - in Tolstoy and Turgenev. The nature of Bunina is a comedy, a musician, a psychic and, it is possible, to inspire the mystical nature of Tolstoy and Turgenev. Nature in Turgenev's images is more static, lower in Bunin's, - F. A. Stepun considers, - despite the fact that Turgenev's images have more purely natural picturesqueness and picturesqueness.

Russian language

From "Virshiv at prose"

In the day of sumniviv, in the day of heavy thoughts about the share of my fatherland, - you alone are the support and support, about the great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Don't be for you - how not to fall at the vіdchay having drunk everything that comes at home? But you can’t believe it, so that such a language would not be given to a great people!

The Radyansk Union of Turgenev's creativity was given respect not only by criticism, but also by the leaders of the Radyansk state: V.I. Lenin, M. I. Kalinin, A. V. Lunacharsky. The science of literary studies is rich in why it looks like the ideological attitudes of the "party" literary studies. The middle is quiet, who has contributed his contribution to Turgenology, - G. N. Pospelov, N. L. Brodsky, B. L. Modzalevsky, V. Ye. Evgeniv-Maksimov, M. B. Khrapchenko, G. A. Byaliy, S. M. Petrov, A. I. Batyuto, G. B. Kurlyandska, N. I. Prutskov, Yu. V. Mann, Priyma F. Ya., A. B. Muratov, V. I. Kuleshov, V. M. Markovich, V. G. Fridlyand, K. I. Chukovsky, B. V. Tomashevsky, B. M. Eikhenbaum, V. B. Shklovsky, Yu. G. Oksman A. S. Bushmin, M. P. Aleksiev and so on.

Turgenev Bagatorazovo citing V.I. Lenin, who especially appreciated yoga. great and mighty"mova. M.I. Kalinin saying that Turgenev's creativity is small, not only artistic, but also has a suspense-political significance, like it gave an artistic flare to yoga creations, and that the writer showed a strong villager a person, like that, like all people A. V. Lunacharsky in his lecture dedicated to the work of Ivan Turgenev, calling him one of the creators of Russian literature.

On the thought "Great radian encyclopedia”, created by a writer, the artistic system has injected into the poetics of both the Russian and Western European novels of the other half of the 19th century. Vaughan richly served as the basis for the “intellectual” novel by L. N. Tolstoy and F. M. Dostoevsky, in which the share of the central characters lies in the form of their important philosophical nutrition, which may have a deep human meaning. The foundations of the writer of literary principles have developed in the works of rich Russian writers - A. M. Tolstoy, Do. R. Paustovsky and others. Yogo p'esi became an invisible part of the repertoire of the Radian theaters. A lot of Turgeniv works were screened. The Radyansk literary scholars attached great respect to the creative work of Turgenev - anonymous works were published, dedicated to the life and creativity of the writer, embracing this role in the Russian and worldly literary process. There was a scientific study of the texts, and comments on the selection of works were seen. Boulli opened the museum of Turgenev near the city of Orly and the great mother of Spassky-Lutovinov.

On the thought of the academic “History of Russian Literature”, Turgenev, becoming the first in Russian literature, to whom it was possible to create in his own way, through the pictures of the all-encompassing strongman, try to think of simple villagers, to think about those who make the people close to the core. And the literary scholar Professor V. M. Markovich, saying that Turgenev was one of the first to try to portray super eloquence folk character without embellishment, and vіn vіn vpershe showing that very people to the same people, suffocated, shattered that love.

Radyansky literary scholar Pospelov G.N. Turgenev was battling the social weakness of advanced people from the nobility and shukav іnshu strength, zdatnu ocholiti rosіysky vyzvolny rukh; Such a force was born from the Russian democrats of 1860-1870.

Foreign criticism

I. S. Turgenev - Honorary Doctor of Oxford University. Photo by A. Lieber, 1879

V. V. Nabokov, B. K. Zaytsev, D. P. Svyatopolk-Mirsky were among the writers and literary scholars-imgrants before the work of Turgenev. A lot of foreign writers and critics also left their reviews about Turgenev's work: Friedrich Bodenstedt, Emil Oman, Ernest Renan, Melchior de Vogüe, Saint-Beuve, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant, Edmond de Goncourt, Emijin Zola, Henry Jam George Sand, Woolf, Anatole France, James Joyce, William Rolston, Alphonse Daudet, Theodore Storm, Ipolite Ten, Georg Brandes, Thomas Carlyle toshcho.

English prose writer and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature John Galsworthy commended Turgenev's novels as the greatest example of the art of prose and appreciating that Turgenev did help. bring the proportions of the novel to perfection". For the new Turgenev buv " the most subtle sings, who, if ever, wrote novels”, and the Turgeniv tradition is of little importance for Galsworthy.

Our British writer, literary scholar and representative of modern literature of the first half of the 20th century, Virginia Woolf, meant that Turgenev’s books were not only worthy of their poetic quality, but that they belonged to the current hour, they didn’t stink. Vaughn wrote that Ivan Turgenev had a powerful and radiant quality: almost symmetrical, equal, as if to give a more harmonious picture of the world. At the same hour, she was delusional that this symmetry of triumph is not for the one who wins such a miraculous confession. Navpaki, Wolfe thought that the deacons from this speeches were told more nastyly, that loops and steps are entangled in them, they are confused about the great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers (like in the "Noble Nest"). Aleone vona pointed out that Turgenev’s books are not a sequence of episodes, but a sequence of emotions that resemble central character, and they show not objects, but a little, and if you finish reading a book, you will be aesthetically satisfied. Another representative of modernism, the Russian one American writer that literary scholar V.V. milim". Nabokov noted that Turgenev had good landscapes, added “Turgeniv girls”, laudatory remarks about the musicality of Turgeniv prose. And he called the novel "Fathers and Children" one of the most boring works of the 19th century. Ale, pointing at the shortfalls of the writer, saying that " uv'yazuє in ogidniy licorice". In Nabokov's opinion, Turgeniev is often too straightforward and, not trusting the reader's intuition, he himself put specks over the "i". Another modernist, the Irish writer James Joyce, who especially saw from the work of the Russian writer “Notes of a Thought”, like, on this thought, “ better penetrate life, lower yogo romance". Joyce realized that Turgenev himself rose from them like a great international writer.

For the assertions of D. Peterson, an American reader in creativity, Turgenev struck the manner of speaking ... is far from the Anglo-Saxon moralizing, and from the French frivolity". At the thought of criticism, a model of realism, created by Turgenev, made a great influx of the formation of realistic principles in the work of American writers from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.

XXI century

In Russia, a lot of respect is added to the memory of the creativity of Turgenev and the XXI century. Leather Five Rocks Goslitmuzey I. S. Turgenev in the town of Orly, together with the Oryol State University and the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinsky Dim) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, hold great scientific conferences, yakі mayut status of international. Within the framework of the “Turgenivska Osin” project, the museum regularly hosts Turgenivian readings, in which the legacy of writers from Russia and beyond the cordon take part. Turgeniv anniversaries and other places of Russia are celebrated. Krim tsyogo, vshanovuyut yogo memory and beyond the cordon. So, at the museum of Ivan Turgenev near Bougival, which was celebrated on the day of the 100th day of the death of the writer on September 3, 1983, the music saloons are so called, at which the music of the composers in the hours of Ivan Turgenev and Polina Viardot sounds.

Vislovlyuvannya Turgenev

“If a person didn’t pray, they won’t pray for a miracle. If only a prayer would lead to such a thing: "Great God, slay, so that the two will not be chotiri!"

Artists and illustrators of works

Yakiv Turok spivaє ("Spivaki"). Illustrated by B. M. Kustodiev before the Notes of the Mind, 1908

Do different fates I.S. Turgenev was illustrated by illustrators and graphic artists P.M. Vasnetsov, D. N. Kardovsky, V. A. Taburin, K. I. Rudakov, V. A. Sveshnikov, P. F. Stroev, N. A. Benois, B. M. Kustodiev, K. V. Lebedev and others. The impressive figure of Turgenev is depicted in the sculptures of A. N. Belyaev, M. M. Antokolsky, Zh. I. M. Kramskoy, Adolf Menzel, Polina Viardot, Ludwig Pich, M. M. Antokolsky, K. Shamro, in the cartoons of N. A. Stepanov, A. I. Lebedeva, V. I. Porfiryeva, A. M. Volkov, engravings by Yu. S. Baranovsky, portraits by E. Lamy, A. P. Nikitin, V. G. Perov, I. Є. Repin, Ya. P. Polonsky, V. V. Vereshchagin, V. V. Mate, E. K. Lipgart, A. A. Kharlamov, St. A. Bobrov. Works of rich painters “behind the motives of Turgenev”: Ya. P. Polonsky (plots of Spasky-Lutovinov), S. Yu. on the grave of a sin). Ivan Sergiyovich himself was kindly painted and used as an auto-illustrator of his creations.

Screening

Behind the works of Ivan Turgenev, a lot of films and TV films were shot. Your creations formed the basis of the paintings created in different countries of the world. The first screenings appeared at the beginning of the 20th century (the era of silent cinema). In Italy, the first two films were filmed "The Nahlibnik" (1913 and 1924). In 1915, in the Russian Empire, the films "The Nest of Nobles", "The Song of Death" (for the motives of the apology of "Clara the Milich") and "The Song of the Triumphant Kokhannya" (with the participation of V.V. Kholodnaya and V.A. Polonsky) were shot. The story “Spring Water” was screened 8 times in different countries. After the novel "Noble Nest" 4 films were made; for rhetoric from "Notes of a Mislivtsya" - 4 films; on the comedy "Moon in the countryside" - 10 TV films; z rozpovidi "Mumu" - 2 feature films and cartoons; for the song "Nahlibnik" - 5 paintings. The novel "Fathers and Children" served as the basis for 4 films and a television series, the story "The First Kokhannya" formed the basis for nine feature films and television films.

The image of Turgenev in cinematography by director Volodymyr Khotinenko. In the series "Dostoevsky" in 2011, the role of a writer was played by actor Volodymyr Simonov. In the film "Belinsky" by Grigory Kozintsev (1951), the role of Turgenev is played by actor Igor Litovkin, and in the film "Tchaikovsky" directed by Igor Talankin (1969), the writer is played by actor Bruno Freindlich.

Addresses

Near Moscow

Biographies are available in Moscow for over fifty addresses and memorial sites related to Turgenev.

• 1824 - house of the statist radnitsa A.V.
• 1827 - miska sadyba, volodinnya Valueva - Sadova-Samotochna street, 12/2
• 1829 - boarding house Krause, Virmensky Institute - Virmenskiy provulok, 2;
• 1830 - Shteingel's house - Gagarinsky provulok, house 15/7;
• 1830-i - General's house N.F.
• 1830-i - Budinok M. A. Smirnova (did not escape, none - wake up to 1903 fate) - Verkhnya Kislivka;
• 1830s - Budinok M. N. Bulgakovskaya - at the Maly Uspensky Provulk;
• 1830s - Budinok on Maliy Bronniy Street (did not save);
• 1839-1850 - Ostozhenka, 37 (the corner of the 2nd Ushakivsky lane, Ninі - Khіlkov provulok). It’s a thought that it’s a boudinok, de I. S. Turgenev traveled back to Moscow, lying down to his mother, protege of life and creativity Turgenev N.M.
• 1850s - house of brother Mikoli Sergiyovich Turgenev - Prechistenka, 26 (did not save)
• 1860s - Budinok, de I. S. Turgenev repeatedly visited the apartment of his friend, who was guarded by the Moscow pet office, I. I. Maslova - Prechistensky Boulevard, 10;

In St. Petersburg

• The end of summer 1839 - the beginning of 1841 - the house of Efremova - Gagarinskaya street 12;
• Zhovten 1850 - April 1851 - Lopatin's house - Nevsky Prospekt, 68;
• chest 1851 - grass 1852 roku - pributkovy budinok Gillerme - vul. Gorohova, 8, apt. 9;
• chest 1853 - end of leaf fall 1854 year - Kukharsky provulok, 13;
• end of leaf fall 1854 - lime tree 1856 - stepanov's booth - Fontanka river embankment, 38;
• leaf fall 1858 - spring 1860 - F.K. Weber's booth - Velyka Konyushennaya street, 13;
• 1861; 1872; 1874; 1876 ​​- hotel "Demut" - embankment of the river Miyka, 40;
• September 4, 1864-1867 - hotel "France" - Velyka Morska street, 6;
• 1867 r_k - V.P. Botkin's apartment near Fedorov's profitable booth - Karavanna street, 14;
• grass-wormwood 1877 - furnishing of the Bouillet room - Nevsky Prospekt, 22;
• fierce birch 1879 year - hotel "European" - Velyka Italiyska street, 7.
• September-April 1880 - Kverner's room furniture - Nevsky Prospekt, 11/Mala Morska Street, 2/Ceglyaniy Provulok, 2

Memory

Im'yam Turgenev named such objects.

Toponymy

• Streets and squares of Turgenev near the rich places of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia.
• Station of the Moscow metro "Turgenivska".

Community install

• Oryol State Academic Theatre.
• Library-reading room named after I. S. Turgenev near Moscow.
• School of Russian language and Russian culture named after M. Turgenev (Turin, Italy).
• Russian Public Library named after I. Z. Turgenev (m. Paris, France).
• Oryol State University named after I. S. Turgeneva

Museums

• Museum I. S. Turgenev (“ Boondock Mumu”) - (m. Moscow, st. Ostozhenka, 37).
• State Literary Museum I. S. Turgenev (m. Orel).
• Museum-Reserve "Spas'ke-Lutovinovo" maєtok I. S. Turgenev (Orlivsk region).
• Vulitsya and Museum “Dacha I. S. Turgenev” near Bougival, France.

Monuments

In honor of I. S. Turgenev inserted:

• monument near Moscow (near Bobrovy Provulk).
• a monument near St. Petersburg (on the Italian street).
• Eagle:
  • Monument near Orly;
  • Pogruddy Turgenev on the "Noble Nest".

Other objects

• Іm'ya Turgenev wearing a company train of AT "FPK" Moscow - Simferopol - Moscow (No. 029/030) at the official round from Moscow - Orel - Moscow (No. 33/34)
• 1979 a crater on Mercury was named in honor of Turgenev.

At philately

• A letter of images on a number of Russian stamps, as well as on a postal stamp in Bulgaria, 1978 issue.

Bibliography

Selection of works

• Turgenev I. WITH. Collection of works in 11 volumes. - M: True, 1949.
• Turgenev I. WITH. Collection of works in 12 volumes. - M: Art literature, 1953-1958.
• Turgenev I. WITH. Collection of works in 15 volumes. - L .: View of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR, 1960-1965.
• Turgenev I. WITH. More than a selection of works and lists in twenty-eight volumes. - M. - L.: Science, 1960-1968.
  • Create at fifteen volumes

Literary critics affirm that the artistic system created by the classics changed the poetics of the novel of the other half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to see the appearance of the “new people” - the sixties man - and showing yoga to his work “Fathers and Children”. Zavdyaks to the writer-realist, the term “nihilist” was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergiyovich uzvichaїv the image of spіvvіtchiznitsa, which won the appointment of "turgenіvska girl".

Childhood and youth

Born one of the classic Russian literature in Orel, at the old noble family. The childhood of Ivan Sergiyovich passed with his mother's mother, Spaska-Lutovinova, not far from Mtsensk. Vin became another son of the three who were born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergius Turgenev.

family life Batkiv did not fold. Batko, having squandered the camp of a red-haired cavalry guard, made friends with a rozrakhunka with no beauty, but a possible maiden Barbara, as if she was the eldest for the new one for 6 years. If Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left his family, having left three children under the guardianship of the squad. After 4 years, Sergiy Mikolayovich died. The young son Sergiy died unexpectedly of epilepsy.

Mikoli and Ivan had a bad luck - his mother had a despotic character. That enlightened woman, sensible, suffered a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Batko Varvara Lutovinova died when her daughter became a child. Mother, foolish and despotic lady, the image of such a chitachi poached in Turgenev's description of "Death", made friends again. Let's drink beer and do not hesitate to beat and belittle the padder. Not the best rank was given to that matir's daughter. Through the mother's hardship and beatings, the maiden flowed to the dear uncle, who left the nieces after death at the fall of 5 thousand kripakiv.

Mother didn’t know affection in childhood, even though she loved children, especially Vanya, but she behaved with them the same way, as fathers behaved with her in childhood - the mother’s important hand was forgotten forever. Regardless of the bad luck, Varvara Petrivna was a woman illuminated. From home, she spoke exclusively to my French, despite the same type of Ivan and Mikoli. Spassky kept a rich library of French books.

Ivan Turgenev at the 7th anniversary of the birth

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, I moved to the capital, to the booth on Neglintsy. Mom read a lot, she pinned love to children to literature. In respect for the best French writers, Lutovina-Turgeneva strove for literary novelties, comrade with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrivna knew creativity thoroughly, and she quoted them from the blue.

The tutors from Nimechi and France were engaged in the care of Ivan Turgenev, for which the helpers did not waste pennies. The richness of Russian literature was brought to the future writer by the formidable valet Fedir Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the opusation "Punin ta Baburin".

After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was appointed to the boarding house of Ivan Krause. At home, in private boarding houses, the young master passed the course of a secondary school, at 15 years of age he became a student at the capital's university. At the Faculty of Literature, Ivan Turgenev took a course, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.

At the students' fates of Turgenev, having shifted the verses of the lord and dream of becoming a poet.

Having obtained a diploma from a 1838 roci, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Nimechi. At Berlin, having listened to a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, writing poetry. After the holidays with Russia Turgenev, having broken to Italy, the stars turned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and through the river of Slavs to sleep, having obtained a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University. In 1843, having entered the settlement to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but that literature surpassed love before writing.

Literature

First, Ivan Turgenev, speaking to the press in 1836, published a review of the book by Andriy Muravyov "Come on the road to the saints". Through rіk, she wrote and published the poem “Calm on the Sea”, “Phantasmagoria at the Monthly Night” and “Dream”.

Popularity came in 1843, when Ivan Sergiyovich wrote the poem "Parash" to him, praised by Vissarion Belinsky. Nezabar Turgenev and Belinsky became so close that the young writer became the godfather of the son of the famous critic. Close relations with Belinsky and Mikola Nekrasov were pushed into I create a biography Ivan Turgenev: the writer partially said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became obvious after the publication of the poem "The Helper" and the story "Andriy Kolosov", "Three Portraits" and "Breter".

Ivan Turgenev turned to Russia in 1850. Alive now to the ancestral mother, then to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg, de writing p'esi, as if they successfully went to the theaters of the two capitals.

In 1852, Mikoli Gogol died. Ivan Turgenev looked at the tragic obituary, but at St. Petersburg, at the head of the censorship committee Oleksiy Musin-Pushkin, he was encouraged to publish. The newspaper “Moskovski Vіdomosti” took the trouble to put a note to Turgenev. The censor didn't hear the word. Musin-Pushkin, calling Gogol a “servant writer”, not a riddle in the suspense, moreover, having looked at the necrolosis, the tension of the unspoken fence being destroyed, he did not guess at the press who died in the duel of Oleksandr Pushkin and.

The censor wrote a letter to the emperor. Ivan Sergiyovich, having changed his mind under suspicion through parts of the trip across the cordon, arguing with Belinskiy and Herzen, radically looking at the security, causing even more anger in the government.

Ivan Turgenev with colleagues from "Suchasnik"

At the same fate, the writer was enslaved for a month, and then they made home arrest at the mother. The second time, Ivan Turgenev, having ceaselessly changed with Spasky, 3 years of wine did not have the right to deprive the country.

Turgenev’s fight against the censorship of the issue of the “Notes of the Mislivtsya” with a full book did not turn out to be true: the collection of justification, as it had previously been treated in the “Suchasnik”, was viishla. For allowing the book to be read, they called the official Volodymyr Lvov, who served at the censorship department. The cycle has received notifications of "Bezhin Meadow", "Biruk", "Spivaki", "Povitovy Likar". Okremo novels did not become unsafe, but, taken together, they were small anti-krіposnitsky character.

Collection of explanations of Ivan Turgenev "Notes of the Mind"

Ivan Turgenev wrote for adults and children. To little readers, the prose writer gave fairy tales and warnings “Sparrow”, “Dog” and “Doves”, written by my rich mother.

The peasant self has a classic tale of Mumu, as well as the novels The Nest of Nobles, Forward, Fathers and Children, Dim, which have become a part of the cultural life of Russia.

Over the cordon Ivan Turgenev brought a snail to 1856. Vzimka in Paris, having completed the gloomy story “A trip to Poliss”. Having written "Asya" in Nimechchina in 1857 - a story, I will translate for the writer's life in European language. The prototype of Asi, popularized by the hat of the pan's daughter and the peasant woman, critics respect Don Turgenev Polina Brewer and the illegally born one-womb sister Varvara Zhitova.

Ivan Turgenev's novel "Rudin"

Behind the cordon, Ivan Turgenev respectfully followed the cultural life of Russia, leafing through the writers that were left behind in the country, collaborating with the emigrants. Colleagues respected the prose writer with his super-chalky peculiarity. Due to the ideological diversity with the editors of "Suchasnik", which, having become the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke from the magazine. Ale, having found out about Timchas’s fence of the “Suchasnik”, hanging on yoga zahist.

In the period of life on the Sunset, Ivan Sergiyovich entered into a long-term conflict with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Mikola Nekrasov. After the release of the novel "Fathers and Children" I got to know the literary community, which was called progressive.

Ivan Turgenev first Russian writers having taken away the recognition from Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became his close friend.

Spring 1879 Turgenev arrived to St. Petersburg, de youngsters smelt his idol. The capture during the visit of the famous writer did not subdue the authorities, giving Ivan Sergiyovich the understanding that the writer had been transferred to the city of Nebazhane.

Ivan Turgenev, having visited Britain in the spirit of that fate, at Oxford University gave the Russian prose writer the title of an honorary doctor.

Resurrection of Turgenev came to Russia in 1880. At Moscow, there is a monument to Oleksandr Pushkin, who was respected as a great teacher, present on the vіdkritti. The Russian language is a classic, calling it a support “in the days of hard thinking” about the share of the fatherland.

Life Specialist

The fatal woman, as she became the love of the whole life of a writer, Heinrich Heine, breaking away from the landscape, "at once zhahlivit that exotic." The Spanish-French couple Polina Viardot, a short woman who stooped, had a great human figure, a great mouth and eyes of a navigator. But when Polina was sleeping, she would pretend to be a fairy tale. At such a moment, Turgeniev slumbered and died for the rest of his life, for 40 years.

The special life of the prose writer before the sound of Viardot was similar to the American guitar. The first kohannya, about the yak Ivan Turgenev with a hot rozpoviv at the same name, hurt the 15th young man more painfully. Vіn succumbed to the wife Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskoy. Well, it’s like Ivan was enchanted, if he recognized his wine, that Katya was “pure and immaculate”, like Katya captivated the child without middleness and that girlish blush, - the kohanka father Sergiy Mikolayovich, a burnt womanizer.

The lad grew up in the “gentry” girls and looked at the simple girls - krіpakіv. One of the most beautiful women, the seamstress Avdotya Ivanova, gave birth to Donka Pelageya to Ivan Turgenev. Ale, raising the price of Europe, the writer Viardot, and Avdotya lost her past.

Ivan Sergiyovich, having got to know the man of the sleeper, Louis, and becoming at their house. Turgenev's co-workers, friends of the writer and biographer, were thinking about this union. Some call it platonic, others talk about chimali sumi, like having left the Russian assistant at Polina and Luya's house. The man Viardo marveled at the link between Turgenev and his retinue, allowing him to live for months at his house. I think that the biological father of the Field, the son of Polina and Louis - Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother did not praise the marriage and dreamed that we could make love to our sons, to make friends with a young noblewoman and give legal onukivs. Pelageya Varvara Petrivna did not favor, she drank in her krіpaku. Ivan Sergiyovich is loving and mischievous to the donka.

Polina Viardot, hearing about the knowledge of a despotic grandmother, adopted the children as a girl and took her to her house. Pelageya pretended to be on Polinet and grew up at once from the children of Viardot. For the sake of justice, it’s important to note that Pelageya-Polynet Turgenev did not subdue her father’s kohanny to Viardot, despite the fact that the woman stole from her the respect of her dear people.

Chilling at the sights of Turgenev and Viardo came after the tripartite separation, which became the house arrest of the writer. Try to forget the fatal passion Ivan Turgenev robbed the girls. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer wrote to the beautiful young Olga, the cousin's daughter. And as soon as the horizon was busy, Ivan Sergiyovich bored Polina. Not lamati lamati life 18-year-old maiden, Turgenev confessed love to Viardot.

The rest of the test was virvatized by the French woman's rape in 1879, if Ivan Turgenev received 61 rec. The actress Maria Savina was not scorned by the vіtsі - the cohanies appeared to the two elders. But if the couple in 1882 ruined Paris, Masha sang into the life of a future man Masha sang silent speeches and a trinket that they told about a supergirl, and realized that there was a zayva.

Death

In 1882, after separation from Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. The doctors made an unfortunate diagnosis - cancer of the bones of the ridge. Having died a writer in a foreign land, it hurts for a long time.

In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. The rest of the months of life Ivan Turgenev was happy, as if he were happy, he was tormented by pain - a kohan woman was next to him. After death, Turgenev’s main declined.

Klasik died on 22 September 1883. This body was delivered to St. Petersburg on the 27th of spring. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Polina's daughter, Claudia Viardot. They buried the writer at the St. Petersburg Volkov Tsvintary.

The one who called Turgenev "a thorn in his own face", reacting to the death of "nihilist" with relief.

Bibliography

• 1855 - "Rudin"
• 1858 - "Noble Nest"
• 1860 - "Forward"
• 1862 - "Fathers and children"
• 1867 - "Dim"
• 1877 - "Nova"
• 1851-73 - "Notes of a Mislivets"
• 1858 - "Asya"
• 1860 - "Pershe kokhannya"
• 1872 - "Spring Drive"

Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev(Turgeniv) (January 28, 1818, Orel, Russian Empire - September 22, 1883, Bougival, France) - Russian writer, sings, translators; Corresponding Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian and Literature (1860). Respected by one of the classics of light literature.

Biography

Batko Sergiy Mykolayovich Turgenev (1793-1834) was a retired cuirassier colonel. Mati, Varvara Petrivna Turgeneva (before the marriage of Lutovinova) (1787-1850), looked like a wealthy noble family.

The family of Ivan Sergiyovich Turgenev resembled the ancient family of the Tula nobles Turgenev. Tsіkavo, scho were reckoned until the end of the hour of Ivan the Terrible: there are names of such representatives of this family as Ivan Vasilovich Turgenev, who was the nurseryman of Ivan the Terrible (1550-1556); Dmitro Vasilovich was a voivode near Kargopol in 1589. And in the Time of Troubles, Petro Mikitovich Turgenev was slain on the Execution Center in Moscow for those who defeated False Dmitry I; great-grandfather Oleksiy Romanovich Turgenev was a participant in the Russian-Turkish war under Ghana Ivanovna.

Until the 9th birthday, Ivan Turgenev is alive at the spadkovy maєtka Spaska-Lutovinovo, 10 km from the Mtsensk Oryol province. In 1827, the Turgenevs, in order to give their children enlightenment, settled in Moscow, having bought a house on Samotek.

The first romantic entrapment of young Turgenev was suffocated by the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya - Katerina. The mothers of their fathers at Pdmoskov'ї were between, the stench was often exchanged for visits. Yomu 14, їй 18. V. P. Turgeneva called Є on the sheets to the Xin. L. Shakhovskoy "singing" and "lihodіykoy", shards not standing up against the spell of the young prince and Sergiy Mikolayovich Turgenev himself, a happy superman of his son. The episode is richly newer, in 1860s, it was revived in the story “The First Kokhannya”.

After that, like the fathers went across the cordon, Ivan Sergiyovich first started at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, then - at the boarding house of the director of the Lazarevsky Institute Krause. In 1833 15-year-old Turgenev joined the Faculty of Literature of the Moscow University. Here at that hour Herzen and Belinsky began. Through the river, after that, as the elder brother of Ivan, having joined the guards artillery, he moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Turgenev also moved to St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Philosophy. Timofy Granovsky became Yogo's friend.

Group portrait of Russian writers - members of the editorial board of the journal "Suchasnik". Top row: L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich; bottom row: I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, A. N. Ostrovsky, 1856

At that hour, Turgeniev bachiv himself on a poetic field. In 1834, roci їm bulo was written in a dramatic manner to the “Wall”, a copy of lyrical verses. The young author showed and tried his pen to his vikladach, professor of Russian literature P. A. Pletnov. Pletnov, calling Byron's weak legacy, but respecting that the author "should be". Until 1837, he had already written close to a hundred other verses. On the cob of 1837, there is a short and unsatisfactory interview with A. S. Pushkin. In the first issue of the journal "Suchasnik" for 1838, which after the death of Pushkin appeared under the editorship of P.A.

In 1836, Turgenev completed the course with the degree of a military student. Mryuchi about scientific activity, vіn advancing fate again trimming the graduation day, having cut off the candidate's feet, and in 1838 breaking the fate to Nіmechchini. As the hour went up, the ship became hotter, and the passengers were wondering in the distance. Turgenev, who was afraid for his life, asking one of the sailors to bury yoga and denounced his wine-grower in his rich mother, as if he were going to go to vikonati yoga prohannya. Other passengers witnessed that the young man wailed pitifully: "Die so young!" Luckily, the shore of the Bouves is not far away.

Leaning on the birch, the young man is snarled by his cowardice. Bits about yoga fearfully penetrated into society and became the subject of gluzuvan. Podiya played the negative role of the author's distant life and was described by Turgenev himself in the novel “Fire on the Sea”. Settling near Berlin, Ivan took up the education. Listening to lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature at the university, studying the grammar of old Greek and Latin languages ​​at home. Here I got close to Stankevich. In 1839, the wine turned to Russia, and then in 1840 I re-started across the cordon, seeing Nimechchina, Italy and Austria. Under the enemy in the face of a maiden near Frankfurt-on-Main, Turgeniev, the story “Spring Drive” was written later.

Henri Troyat, “Ivan Turgenev” “All my life is permeated with the cob of the cob. No book, nothing else can replace my woman... How can I explain? I respect that only a kohannya calls out such a revelation of the facts, which cannot be given any other way. What do you think? Listen, but in my youth I had a kohanka - a miller's wife from the outskirts of St. Petersburg. I'm talking with her, if I've gone to the watering hole. Vaughn was beautiful - a blonde with interchangeable eyes, which often appear in us. Vaughn didn’t want to accept anything from me. And once she said: "You are responsible for making me a gift!" - "What do you want?" - "Bring me nice!" I brought it nicely. Vaughn took the yogo and woke up. She turned and said, stretching out her fragrant hands to me: “Kiss my hands like you kiss your ladies at Petersburg vents!” I threw myself in front of her on the spot ... There is no mit in my life, as if I could look at it! (Edmond Goncourt. "Schodennik", 2nd Birth, 1872.)

Rose of Turgenev at the evening at Flaubert's

In 1841 Ivan turned to Lutovinovoe. Vin zahopivsya seamstress Dunyasha, as in 1842 gave birth to a daughter Pelageya (Polina). Dunyasha was seen abroad, her daughter was left behind at a double-digit camp.

On the cob 1842, Ivan Turgenev submitted to the Moscow University a petition for admission of yoga to the degree of master of philosophy. At this hour of wine, having begun its literary activity.

Parasha's poem, written in 1843 in 1843, became the greatest work of instruction for that hour. Not spodіvayuchis positive criticism, Vіdnіs vіdnіs vіdnіs copy VG Belіnskomu to Lopatіn's house, leaving the manuscript of the critique's service. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, two months later he published a positive opinion in Vitchiznyany notes. From that moment, acquaintance began, as if by a year it outgrew a friendship.

In the autumn of 1843, Turgenev first danced Pauline Viardot on the stage of the Opera House, since the great couple came on tour to St. Petersburg. Then, on the field of wine, we got to know the man Polina, the director of the Italian theater in Paris, we saw the critic and mysticist Louis Viardot, and on the first leaf fall of 1843, we saw Polina himself. In the middle of the masses of chanuvalniks, she especially did not see Turgenev, who seemed to be a philanthropist, and not a writer. And if the tour ended, Turgenev at once from the family of Viardot went to Paris against the will of his mother, penniless and still indebted to Europe. At the fall of the leaves of 1845, the fate of the wines turned to Russia, and in the spring of 1847, having learned about Viardo’s tour in Niemchyna, I rediscovered the country: we went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg.

In 1846, I took part in the renovation of "Suchasnik". Nekrasov is Yogo's best friend. From Belinskiy їde across the cordon in 1847 roci and in 1848 roci live in Paris, de staє a record of revolutionary podiums. Get close to Herzen, zakohuetsya for Ogaryov's squad Tuchkov. In the years 1850-1852, Russia lives, then beyond the cordon. Most of the "Notes of Myslivtsya" was created by the writer Nіmechchini.

Polina Viardo

Without looking like an official blue, Turgenev is alive with the Viardot family. Polina Viardot sang in honor of Don Turgenev. Till this hour one can see a sprinkling of zustres from Gogol and Fet.

In 1846, the rozі vyyshli povistі "Breter" and "Three portraits". Pіznіshe vіn write like this, like "Nahlibnik" (1848), "Bachelor" (1849), "Provincial", "Moon in the countryside", "Calm" (1854), "Yakiv Pasinkov" (1855), "" (1856) and so on. "Mumu" was written in 1852 by the roci, being sent to Spassky-Lutovinov through an obituary on the death of Gogol, which, without respect to the fence, published in Moscow.

1852 short notices Turgenev under the solemn title "Notes of a Mislivtsya", which in 1854 had a lot of omissions from Paris. After the death of Mikoli I, one by one, the greatest writings of the writer are published: Rudin (1856), The Nest of Nobles (1859), Forward Day (1860) and Fathers and Children (1862). The first two were published by Nekrasov's "Suchasnik". Coming two - at the "Russian Visnik" M. N. Katkov.

In 1860, the “Suchasnik” published an article by M. A. Dobrolyubov “When will a good day come?” Turgenev giving Nekrasov an ultimatum: chi vin, Turgenev, chi Dobrolyubov. Vibir fell on Dobrolyubov, which eventually became one of the prototypes of the image of Bazarov in the novel "Fathers and Children". The letter of the first Turgenev left the "Suchasnik" and stopped talking to Nekrasov.

Turgenev is in trouble to the count of writers-zahіdnikіv, as if they follow the principles of "pure art" to resist the tendentious creativity of revolutionaries-raznochintsiv: P.V. Annenkov, V.P. Botkin, D.V. Grigorovich, A.V. Druzhinin. Leo Tolstoy, not long before this stake, has come, for some day he is alive in Turgenev's apartment. After Tolstoy's friendship with S.A. Bers Turgenev, he knew a close relative of Tolstoy, before the wedding, in early 1861, if the insulting prose writers were visiting A.A. the duel, which did not end, and zipsuval vіdnosiny among scribes for the rest of 17 years.

"Virshi in prose". Bulletin of Europe, 1882, chest. From the editorial entry, it is obvious that I called it a magazine, and not an author's.

From the beginning of the 1860s, Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer takes an active part in the cultural life of Western Europe, making acquaintances with the greatest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and knowing Russian readers with the best works of modern yomu. Among the correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, Thackeray, Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Saint-Beuve, Ipolite Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Théophile Gauthier, Edmond Goncourt, Émile Zola, Anatole, Alphonse Daudet, Justave Flaubert . In 1874, in the Parisian restaurants of Risha abo Pelle, famous bachelor's commemorations began: Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev.

I. S. Turgenev - Honorary Doctor of Oxford University. 1879 rіk

I. S. Turgenev speaks as a consultant and editor of foreign translations of Russian writers, he himself writes translations and notes to translations of Russian writers in European language, as well as to Russian translations of works by European writers. We translate foreign writers into Russian language and Russian writers and poets into French and German language. This is how the translations of Flaubert's works "Irodiad" and "The Tale of St. Julian of Mercy" for the Russian reader and Pushkin's works for the French reader. For the next hour, Turgenev has become the most popular and most popular Russian author in Europe. In 1878, the vice-president elected a writer at the International Literary Congress in Paris; In 1879, he was awarded the title of honorary doctor of Oxford University.

Zastilla classics. A. Daudet, G. Flaubert, E. Zola, I. S. Turgenev

Regardless of life behind the cordon, all the thoughts of Turgenev, like before, were brought to Russia. Wrote the novel "Dim" (1867 r_k), which called out a lot of super-cats from the conscience. Everyone barked at the author’s note: “and red, white, beast, bottom, side, especially side.” The fruit of this intense thought in the 1870s became the largest of Turgenev's novels - "Nov" (1877).

Turgeniev comrades with the brothers Milyutin (Comrade Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Justice), A. V. Golovnin (Minister of Education), M. Kh. Reitern (Minister of Finance).

For example, the life of Turgenev is reconciled with Leo Tolstoy, explaining the meaning of contemporary Russian literature, the essence of Tolstoy's creativity, the zahidny Chitachev. In 1880, the writer took the fate of the Pushkin tracts, dedicated to the opening of the first monument to the poet in Moscow, ruled by the Association of Lovers of Russian Literature. Pismennik died near Bougival near Paris on 22 September (3 March), 1883, due to myxosarcoma. The body of Turgenev was brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovo Tsvintar during the great gathering of the people.

motherland

Turgenev's daughter Polina was swayed by her sibling Polina Viardot, but she was no longer lucky by the mature Russian woman. She married for the manufacturer Gaston Brewer, who went bankrupt in no time, after which Polina, for the sake of her father, changed her mind like a man in Switzerland. Turgenev's bula Polina Viardot, daughter after her death, stooped down at the squalid material camp. She died in 1918 to cancer. Children of Polina - Georges-Albert and Jeanne are not small.

Memory

Turgenev's tombstone at the Volkovsky Tsvintary

Im'yam Turgenev is named:

Toponymy

• streets that square of Turgenev near the rich places of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia.
• Station of the Moscow metro "Turgenivska"

Community install

• Oryol State Academic Theatre.
• Library-reading room named after I. S. Turgenev near Moscow.
• Museum I. S. Turgenev (“Dim Mumu”) - (Moscow, Ostozhenka St., 37, building 7).
• School of Russian language and Russian culture named after Turgenev (Turin, Italy).
• State Literary Museum named after I. S. Turgenev (Eagle).
• Museum-Reserve "Spas'ke-Lutovinovo" maєtok I. S. Turgenev (Orlivsk region).
• Street and museum "Turgenev's Dacha" near Bougival.
• Russian Public Library named after I. Z. Turgenev (Paris).

Monuments

In honor of I. S. Turgenev erected monuments at the places:

• Moscow (near Bobrovy Provulk).
• St. Petersburg (On the Italian street).
• Eagle:
  • Monument near Orly.
  • Pogruddy Turgenev on the "Noble Nest".

• Ivan Turgenev is one of the main characters in Tom Stoppard's trilogy "Coast of Utopia".
• F. M. Dostoyevsky in his novel "Bisi" portrays Turgenev as a character in "The Great Scribe Karmazinov" - a noisy, frivolous, practically mediocre writer, who respects himself as a genius and looks beyond the cordon.
• Ivan Turgenev is one of the greatest minds of all living people, whose brains are titles:

Yogo's head spoke at once about the great development of rozum's well-being; and if after the death of I.S. schob verify yourself.

• After the death of the mother in 1850, the Kolezsky secretary I. S. Turgenev took 1925 souls of kripakiv from the recesses.
• Chlodvig Hohenloe (1894-1900), Chancellor of the German Empire, called Ivan Turgenev the best candidate for the seat of Prime Minister of Russia. Writing about Turgenev: “Today I spoke from the most intelligent people of Russia.”